第 21 节
作者:
莫莫言 更新:2022-08-21 16:32 字数:9322
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were a Spirit; a Daemonic Element; an universal Reason; a Logos; a
Divine Element; closely connected with man; that one Reason; that one
Divine Element; must be a person also? At least; so strong was the
instinct of even the Heathen schools in this direction; that the followers of
Plotinus had to fill up the void which yawned between man and the
invisible things after which he yearned; by reviving the whole old Pagan
Polytheism; and adding to it a Daemonology borrowed partly from the
Chaldees; and partly from the Jewish rabbis; which formed a descending
chain of persons; downward from the highest Deities to heroes; and to the
guardian angel of each man; the meed of the philosopher being; that by
self…culture and self…restraint he could rise above the tutelage of some
lower and more earthly daemon; and become the pupil of a God; and
finally a God himself。
These contradictions need not lower the great Father of Neoplatonism
in our eyes; as a moral being。 All accounts of him seem to prove him to
have been what Apollo; in a lengthy oracle; declared him to have been;
〃good and gentle; and benignant exceedingly; and pleasant in all his
conversation。〃 He gave good advice about earthly matters; was a faithful
steward of moneys deposited with him; a guardian of widows and orphans;
a righteous and loving man。 In his practical life; the ascetic and gnostic
element comes out strongly enough。 The body; with him; was not evil;
neither was it good; it was simply nothingwhy care about it? He would
have no portrait taken of his person: 〃It was humiliating enough to be
obliged to carry a shadow about with him; without having a shadow made
of that shadow。〃 He refused animal food; abstained from baths; declined
medicine in his last illness; and so died about 200 A。D。
It is in his followers; as one generally sees in such cases; that the
weakness of his conceptions comes out。 Plotinus was an earnest thinker;
slavishly enough reverencing the opinion of Plato; whom he quotes as an
infallible oracle; with a 〃He says;〃 as if there were but one he in the
universe: but he tried honestly to develop Plato; or what he conceived to
be Plato; on the method which Plato had laid down。 His dialectic is far
superior; both in quantity and in quality; to that of those who come after
him。 He is a seeker。 His followers are not。 The great work which
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marks the second stage of his school is not an inquiry; but a justification;
not only of the Egyptian; but of all possible theurgies and superstitions;
perhaps the best attempt of the kind which the world has ever seen; that
which marks the third is a mere cloud…castle; an inverted pyramid; not of
speculation; but of dogmatic assertion; patched together from all
accessible rags and bones of the dead world。 Some here will; perhaps;
guess from my rough descriptions; that I speak of Iamblichus and Proclus。
Whether or not Iamblichus wrote the famous work usually attributed
to him; which describes itself as the letter of Abamnon the Teacher to
Porphyry; he became the head of that school of Neoplatonists who fell
back on theurgy and magic; and utterly swallowed up the more rational;
though more hopeless; school of Porphyry。 Not that Porphyry; too; with
all his dislike of magic and the vulgar superstitionsa dislike intimately
connected with his loudly expressed dislike of the common herd; and
therefore of Christianity; as a religion for the common herd did not
believe a fact or two; which looks to us; nowadays; somewhat
unphilosophical。 From him we learn that one Ammonius; trying to crush
Plotinus by magic arts; had his weapons so completely turned against
himself; that all his limbs were contracted。 From him we learn that
Plotinus; having summoned in the temple of Isis his familiar spirit; a god;
and not a mere daemon; appeared。 He writes sensibly enough however to
one Anebos; an Egyptian priest; stating his doubts as to the popular
notions of the Gods; as beings subject to human passions and vices; and of
theurgy and magic; as material means of compelling them to appear; or
alluring them to favour man。 The answer of Abamnon; Anebos;
Iamblichus; or whoever the real author may have been; is worthy of
perusal by every metaphysical student; as a curious phase of thought; not
confined to that time; but rife; under some shape or other; in every age of
the world's history; and in this as much as in any。 There are many
passages full of eloquence; many more full of true and noble thought:
but on the whole; it is the sewing of new cloth into an old garment; the
attempt to suit the old superstition to the new one; by eclectically picking
and choosing; and special pleading; on both sides; but the rent is only
made worse。 There is no base superstition which Abamnon does not
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unconsciously justify。 And yet he is rapidly losing sight of the real
eternal human germs of truth round which those superstitions clustered;
and is really further from truth and reason than old Homer or Hesiod;
because further from the simple; universal; everyday facts; and relations;
and duties of man; which are; after all; among the most mysterious; and
also among the most sacred objects which man can contemplate。
It was not wonderful; however; that Neoplatonism took the course it
did。 Spirit; they felt rightly; was meant to rule matter; it was to be freed
from matter only for that very purpose。 No one could well deny that。 The
philosopher; as he rose and became; according to Plotinus; a god; or at
least approached toward the gods; must partake of some mysterious and
transcendental power。 No one could well deny that conclusion; granting
the premiss。 But of what power? What had he to show as the result of
his intimate communion with an unseen Being? The Christian Schools;
who held that the spiritual is the moral; answered accordingly。 He must
show righteousness; and love; and peace in a Holy Spirit。 That is the
likeness of God。 In proportion as a man has them; he is partaker of a
Divine nature。 He can rise no higher; and he needs no more。 Platonists
had saidNo; that is only virtue; and virtue is the means; not the end。 We
want proof of having something above that; something more than any man
of the herd; any Christian slave; can perform; something above nature;
portents and wonders。 So they set to work to perform wonders; and
succeeded; I suppose; more or less。 For now one enters into a whole
fairyland of those very phenomena which are puzzling us so nowadays
ecstasy; clairvoyance; insensibility to pain; cures produced by the effect of
what we now call mesmerism。 They are all there; these modern puzzles;
in those old books of the long bygone seekers for wisdom。 It makes us
love them; while it saddens us to see that their difficulties were the same
as ours; and that there is nothing new under the sun。 Of course; a great
deal of it all was 〃imagination。〃 But the question then; as now is; what is
this wonder…working imagination?unless the word be used as a mere
euphemism for lying; which really; in many cases; is hardly fair。 We
cannot wonder at the old Neoplatonists for attributing these st