第 20 节
作者:莫莫言      更新:2022-08-21 16:32      字数:9320
  must allow another theory; which brought them into awful depths; which
  may bring any generation which holds it into the same depths。
  If Clement had asked the Neoplatonists:              〃You believe; Plotinus; in an
  absolutely Good Being。           Do you believe that it desires to shed forth its
  goodness   on   all?〃     〃Of   course;〃   they   would   have   answered;   〃on   those
  who seek for it; on the philosopher。〃
  〃But   not;   it   seems;   Plotinus;   on   the   herd;   the   brutal;   ignorant   mass;
  wallowing   in   those   foul   crimes   above   which   you   have   risen?〃       And   at
  that question there would have been not a little hesitation。                 These brutes
  in human form; these souls wallowing in earthly mire; could hardly; in the
  Neoplatonists' eyes; be objects of the Divine desire。
  〃Then this Absolute Good; you say; Plotinus; has no relation with them;
  no   care   to   raise   them。  In   fact;   it   cannot   raise   them;   because   they   have
  nothing      in   common       with    it。    Is    that   your    notion?〃       And      the
  Neoplatonists would have; on the whole; allowed that argument。                       And if
  Clement had answered; that such was not his notion of Goodness; or of a
  Good   Being;   and   that   therefore   the   goodness   of   their   Absolute   Good;
  careless of the degradation and misery around it; must be something very
  different   from   his   notions   of   human   goodness;   the   Neoplatonists   would
  have     answered     indeed    they   did   answer〃After      all;  why    not?   Why
  should   the   Absolute   Goodness   be   like   our   human   goodness?〃           This   is
  Plotinus's own belief。 It is a question with him; it was still more a question
  with those who came after him; whether virtues could be predicated of the
  Divine nature; courage; for instance; of one who had nothing to fear; self…
  restraint;   of   one   who   had   nothing   to   desire。  And   thus;   by  setting   up   a
  different standard of morality for the divine and for the human; Plotinus
  gradually   arrives   at   the   conclusion;   that   virtue   is   not   the   end;   but   the
  means; not the Divine nature itself; as the Christian schools held; but only
  the purgative process by which man was to ascend into heaven; and which
  was necessary to arrive at that naturethat nature itself beingwhat?
  And how to answer that last question was the abysmal problem of the
  whole of Neoplatonic philosophy; in searching for which it wearied itself
  out;    generation     after  generation;     till  tired  equally    of  seeking     and   of
  61
  … Page 62…
  ALEXANDRIA AND HER SCHOOLS
  speaking;   it   fairly   lay   down   and   died。      In   proportion     as   it   refused   to
  acknowledge a common divine nature with the degraded mass; it deserted
  its first healthy instinct; which told it that the spiritual world is identical
  with     the  moral     world;    with   right;   love;   justice;   it  tried  to   find   new
  definitions      for  the   spiritual;   it  conceived      it  to  be   identical   with    the
  intellectual。      That     did   not  satisfy    its  heart。    It  had    to  repeople     the
  spiritual world; which it had emptied of its proper denizens; with ghosts;
  to    reinvent    the   old   daemonologies         and   polytheismsfrom         thence    to
  descend into lower depths; of which we will speak hereafter。
  But   in   the   meanwhile   we   must   look   at   another   quarrel   which   arose
  between the two twin schools of Alexandria。                  The Neoplatonists said that
  there   is   a   divine   element   in   man。   The   Christian   philosophers   assented
  fervently; and raised the old disagreeable question:                  〃Is it in every man?
  In the publicans and harlots as well as in the philosophers?                  We say that it
  is。〃    And   there   again   the   Neoplatonist   finds   it   over   hard   to   assent   to   a
  doctrine; equally contrary to outward appearance; and galling to Pharisaic
  pride;     and    enters    into    a   hundred      honest     self…   puzzles     and    self…
  contradictions; which seem to justify him at last in saying; No。                       It is in
  the philosopher; who is ready by nature; as Plotinus has it; and as it were
  furnished with wings; and not needing to sever himself from  matter like
  the rest; but disposed already to ascend to that which is above。                     And in a
  degree too; it is in the 〃lover;〃 who; according to Plotinus; has a certain
  innate recollection of beauty; and hovers round it; and desires it; wherever
  he sees it。     Him you may raise to the apprehension of the one incorporeal
  Beauty;   by   teaching   him   to   separate   beauty   from   the   various   objects   in
  which it appears scattered and divided。               And it is even in the third class;
  the   lowest   of   whom  there   is   hope;   namely;   the   musical   man;   capable   of
  being passively affected by beauty; without having any active appetite for
  it; the sentimentalist; in short; as we should call him nowadays。
  But for the herd; Plotinus cannot say that there is anything divine in
  them。     And thus it gradually comes out in all Neoplatonist writings which
  I have yet examined; that the Divine only exists in a man; in proportion as
  he    is  conscious      of   its  existence     in  him。     From      which     spring    two
  conceptions   of   the   Divine   in      man。     First;   is   it   a   part   of   him;   if   it   is
  62
  … Page 63…
  ALEXANDRIA AND HER SCHOOLS
  dependent for its existence on his consciousness of it? Or is it; as Philo;
  Plutarch;      Marcus     Aurelius     would     have    held;   as   the   Christians     held;
  something independent of him; without him; a Logos or Word speaking to
  his    reason     and    conscience?       With      this   question     Plotinus    grapples;
  earnestly; shrewdly; fairly。         If you wish to see how he does it; you should
  read the fourth and fifth books of the sixth Ennead; especially if you be
  lucky enough to light on a copy of that rare book; Taylor's faithful though
  crabbed      translation。      Not    that   the   result   of  his   search    is  altogether
  satisfactory。      He   enters   into   subtle   and   severe   disquisitions   concerning
  soul。     Whether   it   is   one   or   many。   How   it   can   be   both   one   and   many。
  He     has   the  strongest     perception     that;  to  use   the   noble    saying    of  the
  Germans; 〃Time and Space are no gods。〃                    He sees clearly that the soul;
  and the whole unseen world of truly existing being; is independent of time
  and   space:     and   yet;   after   he   has   wrestled   with   the   two   Titans;   through
  page     after   page;    and   apparently     conquered       them;    they   slip   in  again
  unawares into the battle… field; the moment his back is turned。                    He denies
  that   the   one   Reason   has   partsit   must   exist   as   a   whole   wheresoever   it
  exists:     and yet he cannot express the relation of the individual soul to it;
  but by saying that we are parts of it; or that each thing; down to the lowest;
  receives as much soul as it is capable of possessing。                    Ritter has worked
  out   at   length;   though   in   a   somewhat   dry   and   lifeless   way;   the   hundred
  contradictions   of   this   kind   which   you   meet   in   Plotinus;   contradictions
  which I suspect to be inseparable from any philosophy starting from his
  grounds。       Is he not looking for the spiritual in a region where it does not
  exist; in the region of logical conceptions and abstractions; which are not
  realities; but only; after all; symbols of our own; whereby we express to
  ourselves      the   processes     of   our   own     brain?     May      not   his  Christian
  contemporaries   have   been   nearer   scientific   truth;   as   well   as   nearer   the
  common sense and practical belief of mankind; in holding that that which
  is spiritual is personal; and can only be seen or conceived of as residing in
  persons; and that that which is personal is moral; and has to do; not with
  abstractions of the intellect; but with right and wrong; love and hate; and
  all   which;   in   the   common   instincts   of   men;   involves   a   free   will;   a   free
  judgment;   a   free   responsibility   and   desert?   And   that;   therefore;   if   there
  63
  … Page 64…
  ALEXANDRIA AND HER SCHOOLS
  were   a