第 19 节
作者:莫莫言      更新:2022-08-21 16:32      字数:9322
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  they   afterwards   did   leadto   confusing   the   moral   with   the   notional;   and
  finally the notional with the material; in plain words; to Pantheism。
  You find this tendency; in short; in all the philosophers who flourished
  between the  age   of Augustus   and   the  rise   of Alexandrian   Neoplatonism。
  Gibbon;      while    he   gives    an   approving      pat   on   the   back    to  his   pet
  〃Philosophic   Emperor;〃   Marcus   Aurelius;   blinks   the   fact   that   Marcus's
  philosophy; like that of Plutarch; contains as an integral element; a belief
  which to him would have been; I fear; simply ludicrous; from its strange
  analogy with the belief of John; the Christian Apostle。                  What is Marcus
  Aurelius's cardinal doctrine?           That there is a God within him; a Word; a
  Logos; which 〃has hold of him;〃 and who is his teacher and guardian; that
  over and above his body and his soul; he has a Reason which is capable of
  〃hearing      that  Divine    Word;    and    obeying    the   monitions     of  that   God。〃
  What is Plutarch's cardinal doctrine?             That the same Word; the Daemon
  who   spoke   to   the   heart   of   Socrates;   is   speaking   to   him   and   to   every
  philosopher; 〃coming into contact;〃 he says; 〃with him in some wonderful
  manner;   addressing   the   reason   of   those   who;   like   Socrates;   keep   their
  reason pure; not under the dominion of passion; nor mixing itself greatly
  with   the   body;   and   therefore   quick   and   sensitive   in   responding   to   that
  which encountered it。
  You   see   from   these   two   extracts   what   questions   were   arising   in   the
  minds of men; and how they touched on ethical and theological questions。
  I say arising in their minds:         I believe that I ought to say rather; stirred up
  in   their   minds    by   One    greater    than   they。   At    all  events;   there    they
  appeared;   utterly   independent   of   any   Christian   teaching。         The   belief   in
  this   Logos   or   Daemon   speaking   to   the   Reason   of   man;   was   one   which
  neither Plutarch nor Marcus; neither Numenius nor Ammonius; as far as
  we can see; learnt from the Christians; it was the common ground which
  they   held   with   them;   the   common   battlefield   which   they   disputed   with
  them。
  Neither   have   we   any   reason   to   suppose   that   they   learnt   it   from   the
  Hindoos。         That     much      Hindoo      thought     mixed      with    Neoplatonist
  speculation we cannot doubt; but there is not a jot more evidence to prove
  that Alexandrians borrowed this conception from the Mahabharavata; than
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  that George  Fox   the  Quaker;  or the  author  of the  〃Deutsche Theologie;〃
  did so。     They may have gone to Hindoo philosophy; or rather; to second
  and third hand traditions thereof; for corroborations of the belief; but be
  sure;  it   must   have   existed   in   their own   hearts   first; or   they  would   never
  have   gone   thither。      Believe   it;   be   sure   of   it。  No   earnest   thinker   is   a
  plagiarist pure and simple。           He will never borrow from others that which
  he has not already; more or less; thought out for himself。                      When once a
  great idea; instinctive; inductive (for the two expressions are nearer akin
  than   most   fancy);   has   dawned   on   his   soul;   he   will   welcome   lovingly;
  awfully;      any    corroboration      from     foreign    schools;     and    cry   with    joy:
  〃Behold;   this   is   not   altogether   a   dream:      for   others   have   found   it   also。
  Surely it must be real; universal; eternal。〃               No; be sure there is far more
  originality   (in   the   common   sense   of   the   word);   and   far   less   (in   the   true
  sense   of   the   word);   than   we   fancy;   and   that   it   is   a   paltry   and   shallow
  doctrine which   represents   each succeeding school   as   merely  the   puppets
  and dupes of the preceding。             More originality; because each earnest man
  seems   to   think   out   for   himself   the   deepest   grounds   of   his   creed。      Less
  originality;     because;     as  I  believe;    one   common       Logos;     Word;    Reason;
  reveals and unveils the same eternal truth to all who seek and hunger for
  it。
  Therefore   we   can;   as   the   Christian   philosophers   of   Alexandria   did;
  rejoice     over   every    truth    which    their   heathen     adversaries      beheld;    and
  attribute them; as Clement does; to the highest source; to the inspiration of
  the one and universal Logos。              With Clement; philosophy is only hurtful
  when      it  is   untrue    to   itself;  and    philosophy       falsely    so   called;    true
  philosophy is an image of the truth; a divine gift bestowed on the Greeks。
  The Bible; in his eyes; asserts that all forms of art and wisdom are from
  God。      The   wise   in   mind   have   no   doubt   some   peculiar   endowment   of
  nature; but when they have offered themselves for their work; they receive
  a spirit of perception from the Highest Wisdom; giving them a new fitness
  for it。    All severe study; all cultivation of sympathy; are exercises of this
  spiritual   endowment。          The   whole   intellectual   discipline   of   the   Greeks;
  with   their   philosophy;   came   down   from   God   to   men。             Philosophy;   he
  concludes in   one   place;   carries   on   〃an   inquiry  concerning Truth   and   the
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  nature of Being; and this Truth is that concerning which the Lord Himself
  said:    'I am the Truth。'      And when the initiated find; or rather receive; the
  true philosophy; they have it from the Truth itself; that is from Him who is
  true。〃
  While;   then;   these   two   schools   had   so   many   grounds   in       common;
  where was their point of divergence?               We shall   find it;  I believe;  fairly
  expressed in the dying words of Plotinus; the great father of Neoplatonism。
  〃I am striving to bring the God which is in us into harmony with the God
  which is in the universe。〃         Whether or not Plotinus actually so spoke; that
  was what his disciples not only said that he spoke; but what they would
  have wished him to speak。           That one sentence expresses the whole object
  of their philosophy。
  But   to   that   Pantaenus;   Origen;   Clement;   and   Augustine   would   have
  answered:       〃And we; on the other hand; assert that the God which is in
  the  universe;   is   the  same   as   the   God   which   is   in   you;   and   is   striving   to
  bring you into harmony with Himself。〃               There is the experimentum crucis。
  There   is   the   vast   gulf   between   the   Christian   and   the   Heathen   schools;
  which when any man had overleaped; the whole problem of the universe
  was   from   that   moment   inverted。       With   Plotinus   and   his   school   man   is
  seeking for God:         with Clement and his; God is seeking for man。                 With
  the former; God is passive; and man active:              with the latter; God is active;
  man is passivepassive; that is; in so far as his business is to listen when
  he is spoken to; to look at the light which is unveiled to him; to submit
  himself to the inward laws which he feels reproving and checking him at
  every turn; as Socrates was reproved and checked by his inward Daemon。
  Whether of these two theorems gives the higher conception either of
  the  Divine  Being;  or   of  man;  I  leave  it   for  you   to   judge。    To   those  old
  Alexandrian   Christians;   a   being   who   was   not   seeking   after   every   single
  creature;     and   trying   to  raise   him;   could    not   be  a  Being     of  absolute
  Righteousness;   Power;   Love;   could   not   be   a   Being   worthy  of   respect   or
  admiration;   even   of   philosophic   speculation。        Human   righteousness   and
  love   flows   forth   disinterestedly   to   all   around   it;   however   unconscious;
  however unworthy they may be; human power associated with goodness;
  seeks for objects which it may raise and benefit by that power。                   We must
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  confess this; with the Christian schools; or; with the Heathen schools; we
  must allow another theory; which brought them into awful depths; which
  ma