第 18 节
作者:莫莫言      更新:2022-08-21 16:32      字数:9320
  present consciously to the mind of the old Jews; as it was most certainly to
  the mind of St。 Paul; a practised Platonic dialectician; but it seems to me;
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  as to Philo; to be a fair; perhaps a necessary; corollary from the Genetic
  Philosophy; both of Moses and of Solomon。
  But    in  one   thing   he   was   unfair;   namely;    in  his   allegorising。    But
  unfair to whom?         To Socrates and Plato; I believe; as much as to Moses
  and to   Samuel。       For  what   is   the  part of   the  old   Jewish books   which   he
  evaporates away into mere   mystic symbols of the private experiences of
  the devout philosopher?          Its practical everyday histories; which deal with
  the common human facts of family and national life; of man's outward and
  physical   labour   and   craft。     These   to   him   have   no   meaning;   except   an
  allegoric one。      But has he thrown them away for the sake of getting a step
  nearer to Socrates; or Plato; or Aristotle?             Surely not。 To them; as to the
  old Jewish sages; man is most important when regarded not merely as a
  soul;   but   as   a   man;   a   social   being   of   flesh   and   blood。 Aristotle   declares
  politics to be the architectonical science; the family and social relations to
  be the eternal master…facts of humanity。 Plato; in his Republic; sets before
  himself     the   Constitution     of  a  State;   as  the   crowning      problem     of  his
  philosophy。       Every work of his; like every saying of his master Socrates;
  deals with the common; outward; vulgar facts of human life; and asserts
  that there is   a divine  meaning in them;  and that   reverent induction   from
  them is the way to obtain the deepest truths。               Socrates and Plato were as
  little inclined to separate the man and the philosopher as Moses; Solomon;
  or   Isaiah   were。     When   Philo;   by   allegorising   away   the   simple   human
  parts   of   his   books;   is   untrue   to   Moses's   teaching;   he   becomes   untrue   to
  Plato's。    He becomes untrue; I believe; to a higher teaching than Plato's。
  He   loses   sight   of   an   eternal   truth;   which   even   old   Homer   might   have
  taught him; when he treats Moses as one section of his disciples in after
  years treated Homer。
  For what is the secret of the eternal freshness; the eternal beauty; ay; I
  may   say   boldly;     in   spite  of  all  their   absurdities   and   immoralities;     the
  eternal righteousness of those old Greek myths?                  What is it which made
  Socrates and Plato cling lovingly and reverently to them; they scarce knew
  why; while they deplored the immoralities to which they had given rise?
  What   is   it   which   made   those   myths;   alone   of   all   old   mythologies;   the
  parents   of   truly   beautiful   sculpture;   painting;   poetry?   What   is   it   which
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  makes us love them still; find; even at times against our consciences; new
  meaning; new beauty in them; and brings home the story of Perseas or of
  Hercules;     alike   to  the  practised    reason    of  Niebuhr;     and   the  untutored
  instincts of   Niebuhr's little  child; for  whom he   threw them  into   simplest
  forms?      Why   is   it   that   in   spite   of   our   disagreeing   with   their   creed   and
  their   morality;    we   still   persistand  long    may   we   persist;   or  rather   be
  compelledas it were by blind instinct; to train our boys upon those old
  Greek dreams; and confess; whenever we try to find a substitute for them
  in our educational schemes; that we have as yet none?                 Because those old
  Greek stories do represent the Deities as the archetypes; the kinsmen; the
  teachers; the friends; the inspirers of men。            Because while the schoolboy
  reads how the Gods were like to men; only better; wiser; greater; how the
  Heroes are the children of the Gods; and the slayers of the monsters which
  devour   the   earth;   how Athene   taught   men   weaving;   and   Phoebus   music;
  and Vulcan the cunning of the stithy; how the Gods took pity on the noble…
  hearted   son   of   Danae;   and   lent   him   celestial   arms   and   guided   him   over
  desert   and   ocean   to   fulfil   his   vowthat   boy   is   learning   deep   lessons   of
  metaphysic; more in accordance with the reine vernunft; the pure reason
  whereby man perceives that which is moral; and spiritual; and eternal; than
  he    would     from    all  disquisitions     about    being    and    becoming;      about
  actualities   and   potentialities;   which   ever   tormented   the   weary   brain   of
  man。
  Let us not despise the gem because it has been broken to fragments;
  obscured by silt and mud。           Still less let us fancy that one least fragment
  of it is not more precious than the most brilliant paste jewel of our own
  compounding;   though   it   be   polished        and   faceted   never   so    completely。
  For what are all these myths but fragments of that great metaphysic idea;
  which; I boldly say; I believe to be at once the justifier and the harmoniser
  of all philosophic truth which man has ever discovered; or will discover;
  which     Philo    saw   partially;   and   yet   clearly;   which    the   Hebrew     sages
  perceived far more deeply; because more humanly and practically; which
  Saint Paul the Platonist; and yet the Apostle; raised to its highest power;
  when   he   declared   that   the   immutable   and   self…existent   Being;   for   whom
  the Greek sages sought; and did not altogether seek in vain; has gathered
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  together     all  things    both   in   heaven     and   in  earth   in   one   inspiring    and
  creating Logos; who is both God and Man?
  Be   this   as   it   may;   we   find   that   from   the   time   of   Philo;   the   deepest
  thought of the heathen world began to flow in a theologic channel。                           All
  the   great   heathen   thinkers   henceforth   are   theologians。          In   the   times   of
  Nero; for instance; Epictetus the slave; the regenerator of Stoicism; is no
  mere   speculator   concerning   entities   and   quiddities;   correct   or   incorrect。
  He   is   a   slave   searching   for   the   secret   of   freedom;   and   finding   that   it
  consists in   escaping not   from a   master;  but   from self:   not   to   wealth  and
  power; but to Jove。         He discovers that Jove is; in some most mysterious;
  but most real sense; the Father of men; he learns to look up to that Father
  as his guide and friend。
  Numenius; again; in the second century; was a man who had evidently
  studied Philo。        He perceived so deeply; I may say so exaggeratedly; the
  analogy between the Jewish and the Platonic assertions of an Absolute and
  Eternal Being; side by side with the assertion of a Divine Teacher of man;
  that   he   is   said   to   have   uttered   the   startling   saying: 〃What   is   Plato   but
  Moses talking Attic?〃           Doubtless Plato is not that:          but the expression is
  remarkable; as showing the tendency of the age。                   He too looks up to God
  with     prayers     for   the   guidance     of   his   reason。      He     too   enters    into
  speculation   concerning   God   in   His   absoluteness;   and   in   His   connection
  with    the   universe。     〃The     Primary     God;〃   he    says;   〃must    be   free   from
  works   and   a   King;   but   the   Demiurgus   must   exercise   government;   going
  through   the   heavens。        Through   Him   comes   this   our   condition;   through
  Him Reason being sent down in efflux; holds communion with all who are
  prepared for it:       God then looking down; and turning Himself to each of
  us;   it   comes   to   pass   that   our   bodies   live   and   are   nourished;   receiving
  strength from the outer rays which come from Him。                      But when God turns
  us to the contemplation of Himself; it comes to pass that these things are
  worn   out   and   consumed;   but   that   the   reason   lives;   being   partaker   of   a
  blessed life。〃
  This passage is exceedingly interesting; as containing both the marrow
  of old   Hebrew   metaphysic;   and   also   certain notional   elements;   of   which
  we find   no   trace in the Scripture;   and   which   may   leadas  we   shall   find
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