第 17 节
作者:莫莫言      更新:2022-08-21 16:32      字数:9322
  them; and thereby alone to rise to any real and solid power; or safety; or
  nobleness。      It is a strange dream。         But you will see that it is one which
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  does    not   bear   much     upon    〃points   of  controversy;〃      any   more    than   on
  〃Locke's philosophy;〃 nevertheless; when we find this same strange dream
  arising;   apparently   without   intercommunion   of   thought;   among   the   old
  Hindoos; among the Greeks; among the Jews; and lastly; when we see it
  springing   again   in   the   Middle Age;   in   the   mind   of   the   almost   forgotten
  author   of   the   〃Deutsche   Theologie;〃   and   so   becoming   the   parent;          not
  merely of Luther's deepest belief; or of the German mystic schools of the
  seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; but of the great German Philosophy
  itself as developed by Kant; and Fichte; and Schelling; and Hegel; we must
  at least confess it to be a popular delusion; if nothing better; vast enough
  and common enough to be worth a little patient investigation; wheresoever
  we may find it stirring the human mind。
  But   I   have   hope;   still;   that   I   may  find   sympathy  and   comprehension
  among some; at least; of my audience; as I proceed to examine the ancient
  realist schools of Alexandria; on account of their knowledge of the modern
  realist   schools   of   Germany。      For   I   cannot   but   see;   that   a   revulsion   is
  taking place in the thoughts of our nation upon metaphysic subjects; and
  that Scotland; as usual; is taking the lead therein。               That most illustrious
  Scotchman;        Mr。   Thomas      Carlyle;     first  vindicated     the   great   German
  Realists     from    the  vulgar    misconceptions        about   them    which     were    so
  common        at  the  beginning     of   this  century;    and   brought    the   minds    of
  studious men to a more just appreciation of the philosophic severity; the
  moral grandeur; of such thinkers as Emmanuel Kant; and Gottlieb Fichte。
  To   another   Scotch   gentleman;   who;   I   believe;   has   honoured   me   by   his
  presence   here   to…night;   we   owe   most   valuable   translations   of   some   of
  Fichte's works; to be followed; I trust; by more。             And though; as a humble
  disciple   of   Bacon;   I   cannot   but   think   that   the   method   both   of   Kant   and
  Fichte possesses somewhat of the same inherent defect as the method of
  the Neoplatonist school; yet I should be most unfair did I not express my
  deep obligations to them; and advise all those to study them carefully; who
  wish to gain a clear conception either of the old Alexandrian schools; or of
  those   intellectual   movements   which   are   agitating   the   modern   mind;   and
  which will; I doubt not; issue in a clearer light; and in a nobler life; if not
  for us; yet still for our children's children for ever。
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  The   name   of   Philo   the   Jew   is   now   all   but   forgotten   among   us。   He
  was   laughed   out   of   sight   during   the   last   century;   as   a   dreamer   and   an
  allegorist;  who   tried   eclectically  to   patch   together   Plato   and Moses。 The
  present age; however; is rapidly beginning to suspect that all who thought
  before the eighteenth century were not altogether either fools or impostors;
  old wisdom is obtaining a fairer hearing day by day; and is found not to be
  so contradictory to new wisdom as was supposed。                    We are beginning; too;
  to be more inclined to justify Providence; by believing that lies are by their
  very  nature   impotent   and   doomed   to   die; that   everything   which   has   had
  any great or permanent influence on the human mind; must have in it some
  germ of eternal truth; and setting ourselves to separate that germ of truth
  from   the   mistakes   which   may   have         distorted   and   overlaid   it。    Let    us
  believe; or at least hope; the same for a few minutes; of Philo; and try to
  find out what was the secret of his power; what the secret of his weakness。
  First:    I   cannot    think   that   he   had   to  treat  his   own    sacred    books
  unfairly;   to   make   them   agree   with   the   root…idea   of   Socrates   and   Plato。
  Socrates   and   Plato   acknowledged   a   Divine   teacher   of   the   human   spirit;
  that was the ground of their philosophy。              So did the literature of the Jews。
  Socrates and Plato; with all the Greek sages till the Sophistic era; held that
  the object of philosophy was the search after that which truly exists:                     that
  he   who   found   that;   found   wisdom:        Philo's   books   taught   him   the   same
  truth:    but   they   taught   him   also;   that   the   search    for   wisdom   was   not
  merely the search for that which is; but for Him who is; not for a thing; but
  for a person。       I do not mean that Plato and the elder Greeks had not that
  object also in view; for I have said already that Theology was with them
  the ultimate object of all metaphysic science:               but I do think that they saw
  it   infinitely   less   clearly   than   the   old   Jewish   sages。   Those   sages   were
  utterly   unable   to   conceive   of   an   absolute   truth;   except   as   residing   in   an
  absolutely true person; of absolute wisdom; except in an absolutely wise
  person; of an absolute order and law; except in a lawgiver; of an absolute
  good; except in an absolutely good person:                 any more than either they or
  we can conceive of an absolute love; except in an absolutely loving person。
  I say boldly; that I think them right; on all grounds of Baconian induction。
  For all these qualities are only known to us as exhibited in persons; and if
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  we   believe   them  to   have   any  absolute and   eternal   existence   at   all;   to   be
  objective;      and   independent       of   us;   and   the   momentary        moods     and
  sentiments of our own mind; they must exist in some absolute and eternal
  person;   or    they   are   mere   notions;    abstractions;   words;     which    have    no
  counterparts。
  But here arose a puzzle in the mind of Philo; as it in reality had; we
  may see; in the minds of Socrates and Plato。               How could he reconcile the
  idea of that absolute and eternal one Being; that Zeus; Father of Gods and
  men; self…perfect; self…contained; without change or motion; in whom; as a
  Jew; he believed even more firmly than the Platonists; with the Daemon of
  Socrates;   the   Divine Teacher   whom   both   Plato   and   Solomon   confessed?
  Or how; again; could he reconcile the idea of Him with the creative and
  providential   energy;   working   in   space   and   time;   working   on   matter;   and
  apparently affected and limited; if not baffled; by the imperfection of the
  minds     which     he  taught;    by   the  imperfection      of  the   matter    which    he
  moulded?        This; as all students of philosophy must know; was one of the
  great puzzles of old Greek philosophy; as long as it was earnest and cared
  to   have   any   puzzles   at   all: it   has   been;   since   the   days   of   Spinoza;   the
  great puzzle of all earnest modern philosophers。 Philo offered a solution in
  that   idea   of   a   Logos;   or   Word   of   God;   Divinity  articulate;   speaking   and
  acting in time and space; and therefore by successive acts; and so doing; in
  time and space; the will of the timeless and spaceless Father; the Abysmal
  and Eternal Being; of whom he was the perfect likeness。                     In calling this
  person   the   Logos;   and   making   him   the   source   of   all   human   reason;   and
  knowledge of eternal laws; he only translated from Hebrew into Greek the
  name which he found in his sacred books; 〃The Word of God。〃                          As yet
  we    have    found    no  unfair   allegorising     of  Moses;     or  twisting   of   Plato。
  How then has he incurred this accusation?
  I   cannot   think;   again;   that   he   was   unfair   in   supposing   that   he   might
  hold   at   the   same   time   the   Jewish   belief   concerning   Creation;   and   the
  Platonic doctrine of the real existence of Archetypal ideas; both of moral
  and of physical phenomena。             I do not mean that such a conception was
  present consciously to the mind of the old Jews; as it was most certainly to
  the mind of St。 Paul; a practised Platonic dialectician; but i