第 17 节
作者:
莫莫言 更新:2022-08-21 16:32 字数:9322
them; and thereby alone to rise to any real and solid power; or safety; or
nobleness。 It is a strange dream。 But you will see that it is one which
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does not bear much upon 〃points of controversy;〃 any more than on
〃Locke's philosophy;〃 nevertheless; when we find this same strange dream
arising; apparently without intercommunion of thought; among the old
Hindoos; among the Greeks; among the Jews; and lastly; when we see it
springing again in the Middle Age; in the mind of the almost forgotten
author of the 〃Deutsche Theologie;〃 and so becoming the parent; not
merely of Luther's deepest belief; or of the German mystic schools of the
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; but of the great German Philosophy
itself as developed by Kant; and Fichte; and Schelling; and Hegel; we must
at least confess it to be a popular delusion; if nothing better; vast enough
and common enough to be worth a little patient investigation; wheresoever
we may find it stirring the human mind。
But I have hope; still; that I may find sympathy and comprehension
among some; at least; of my audience; as I proceed to examine the ancient
realist schools of Alexandria; on account of their knowledge of the modern
realist schools of Germany。 For I cannot but see; that a revulsion is
taking place in the thoughts of our nation upon metaphysic subjects; and
that Scotland; as usual; is taking the lead therein。 That most illustrious
Scotchman; Mr。 Thomas Carlyle; first vindicated the great German
Realists from the vulgar misconceptions about them which were so
common at the beginning of this century; and brought the minds of
studious men to a more just appreciation of the philosophic severity; the
moral grandeur; of such thinkers as Emmanuel Kant; and Gottlieb Fichte。
To another Scotch gentleman; who; I believe; has honoured me by his
presence here to…night; we owe most valuable translations of some of
Fichte's works; to be followed; I trust; by more。 And though; as a humble
disciple of Bacon; I cannot but think that the method both of Kant and
Fichte possesses somewhat of the same inherent defect as the method of
the Neoplatonist school; yet I should be most unfair did I not express my
deep obligations to them; and advise all those to study them carefully; who
wish to gain a clear conception either of the old Alexandrian schools; or of
those intellectual movements which are agitating the modern mind; and
which will; I doubt not; issue in a clearer light; and in a nobler life; if not
for us; yet still for our children's children for ever。
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The name of Philo the Jew is now all but forgotten among us。 He
was laughed out of sight during the last century; as a dreamer and an
allegorist; who tried eclectically to patch together Plato and Moses。 The
present age; however; is rapidly beginning to suspect that all who thought
before the eighteenth century were not altogether either fools or impostors;
old wisdom is obtaining a fairer hearing day by day; and is found not to be
so contradictory to new wisdom as was supposed。 We are beginning; too;
to be more inclined to justify Providence; by believing that lies are by their
very nature impotent and doomed to die; that everything which has had
any great or permanent influence on the human mind; must have in it some
germ of eternal truth; and setting ourselves to separate that germ of truth
from the mistakes which may have distorted and overlaid it。 Let us
believe; or at least hope; the same for a few minutes; of Philo; and try to
find out what was the secret of his power; what the secret of his weakness。
First: I cannot think that he had to treat his own sacred books
unfairly; to make them agree with the root…idea of Socrates and Plato。
Socrates and Plato acknowledged a Divine teacher of the human spirit;
that was the ground of their philosophy。 So did the literature of the Jews。
Socrates and Plato; with all the Greek sages till the Sophistic era; held that
the object of philosophy was the search after that which truly exists: that
he who found that; found wisdom: Philo's books taught him the same
truth: but they taught him also; that the search for wisdom was not
merely the search for that which is; but for Him who is; not for a thing; but
for a person。 I do not mean that Plato and the elder Greeks had not that
object also in view; for I have said already that Theology was with them
the ultimate object of all metaphysic science: but I do think that they saw
it infinitely less clearly than the old Jewish sages。 Those sages were
utterly unable to conceive of an absolute truth; except as residing in an
absolutely true person; of absolute wisdom; except in an absolutely wise
person; of an absolute order and law; except in a lawgiver; of an absolute
good; except in an absolutely good person: any more than either they or
we can conceive of an absolute love; except in an absolutely loving person。
I say boldly; that I think them right; on all grounds of Baconian induction。
For all these qualities are only known to us as exhibited in persons; and if
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we believe them to have any absolute and eternal existence at all; to be
objective; and independent of us; and the momentary moods and
sentiments of our own mind; they must exist in some absolute and eternal
person; or they are mere notions; abstractions; words; which have no
counterparts。
But here arose a puzzle in the mind of Philo; as it in reality had; we
may see; in the minds of Socrates and Plato。 How could he reconcile the
idea of that absolute and eternal one Being; that Zeus; Father of Gods and
men; self…perfect; self…contained; without change or motion; in whom; as a
Jew; he believed even more firmly than the Platonists; with the Daemon of
Socrates; the Divine Teacher whom both Plato and Solomon confessed?
Or how; again; could he reconcile the idea of Him with the creative and
providential energy; working in space and time; working on matter; and
apparently affected and limited; if not baffled; by the imperfection of the
minds which he taught; by the imperfection of the matter which he
moulded? This; as all students of philosophy must know; was one of the
great puzzles of old Greek philosophy; as long as it was earnest and cared
to have any puzzles at all: it has been; since the days of Spinoza; the
great puzzle of all earnest modern philosophers。 Philo offered a solution in
that idea of a Logos; or Word of God; Divinity articulate; speaking and
acting in time and space; and therefore by successive acts; and so doing; in
time and space; the will of the timeless and spaceless Father; the Abysmal
and Eternal Being; of whom he was the perfect likeness。 In calling this
person the Logos; and making him the source of all human reason; and
knowledge of eternal laws; he only translated from Hebrew into Greek the
name which he found in his sacred books; 〃The Word of God。〃 As yet
we have found no unfair allegorising of Moses; or twisting of Plato。
How then has he incurred this accusation?
I cannot think; again; that he was unfair in supposing that he might
hold at the same time the Jewish belief concerning Creation; and the
Platonic doctrine of the real existence of Archetypal ideas; both of moral
and of physical phenomena。 I do not mean that such a conception was
present consciously to the mind of the old Jews; as it was most certainly to
the mind of St。 Paul; a practised Platonic dialectician; but i