第 16 节
作者:莫莫言      更新:2022-08-21 16:32      字数:9322
  Self; their real deities。       But this dream of a future restoration was in no
  wise ennobled; as far as we can see; with any desire for a moral restoration。
  They   believed   that   a   person   would   appear   some   day   or   other   to   deliver
  them。     Even they were happily preserved by their sacred books from the
  notion that deliverance was to be found for them; or for any  man; in an
  abstraction or notion ending in …ation or …ality。             In justice to them it must
  be said; that they were too wise to believe that personal qualities; such as
  power; will; love; righteousness; could reside in any but in a person; or be
  manifested except by a person。            And among the earlier of them the belief
  may   have   been;   that   the   ancient   unseen   Teacher   of   their   race   would   be
  their    deliverer:    but    as   they   lost  the   thought    of   Him;    the  expected
  Deliverer became a mere human being:                 or rather not a human being; for
  as they lost their moral sense; they lost in the very deepest meaning their
  humanity; and forgot what man was like till they learned to look only for a
  conqueror; a manifestation of power; and not of goodness; a destroyer of
  the   hated   heathen;   who   was   to   establish   them   as   the   tyrant   race   of   the
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  whole earth。      On that fearful day on which; for a moment; they cast away
  even that last dream; and cried; 〃We have no king but Caesar;〃 they spoke
  the   secret   of   their   hearts。 It   was   a   Caesar;   a   Jewish   Caesar;   for   whom
  they had been longing for centuries。            And if they could not have such a
  deliverer;    they   would    have   none:    they    would    take   up  with   the   best
  embodiment of brute Titanic power which they could find; and crucify the
  embodiment        of  Righteousness      and   Love。    Amid      all  the  metaphysical
  schools of Alexandria; I know none so deeply instructive as that school of
  the Rabbis; 〃the glory of Israel。〃
  But    you   will   say:   〃This    does    not  look    like  a  school    likely  to
  regenerate   Alexandrian        thought。〃    True:    and    yet   it  did  regenerate   it;
  both for good and for evil; for these men had among them and preserved
  faithfully enough for all practical purposes; the old literature of their race;
  a literature which I firmly believe; if I am to trust the experience of 1900
  years; is destined to explain all other literatures; because it has firm hold
  of the one eternal root…idea which gives life; meaning; Divine sanction; to
  every germ or fragment of human truth which is in any of them。                  It did so;
  at least; in Alexandria for the Greek literature。          About the Christian era; a
  cultivated Alexandrian Jew; a disciple of Plato and of Aristotle; did seem
  to himself to find in the sacred books of his nation that which agreed with
  the    deepest    discoveries     of  Greek     philosophy;     which    explained     and
  corroborated them。 And his announcement of this fact; weak and defective
  as it was; had the most enormous and unexpected results。                  The father of
  New Platonism was Philo the Jew。
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  LECTURE IIINEOPLATONISM
  We   now   approach   the   period   in   which   Alexandria   began   to   have   a
  philosophy   of   its   ownto   be;   indeed;   the   leader   of   human   thought   for
  several centuries。
  I shall enter on this branch of my subject with some fear and trembling;
  not   only   on   account   of   my   own   ignorance;   but   on   account   of   the   great
  difficulty of handling it without trenching on certain controversial subjects
  which   are     rightly   and   wisely   forbidden      here。    For    there   was   not   one
  school of Metaphysic at Alexandria:                there were two; which; during the
  whole   period   of   their   existence;   were   in   internecine   struggle   with   each
  other; and yet mutually borrowing from each other; the Heathen; namely;
  and     the  Christian。      And     you    cannot    contemplate;      still  less  can    you
  understand; the one without the other。               Some of late years have become
  all   but   unaware   of   the   existence   of   that   Christian   school;   and   the   word
  Philosophy;       on   the   authority    of   Gibbon;     who;    however      excellent    an
  authority   for   facts;   knew   nothing   about   Philosophy;   and   cared   less;   has
  been   used   exclusively  to   express heathen   thought;   a   misnomer  which   in
  Alexandria       would    have    astonished     Plotinus    or   Hypatia    as   much    as   it
  would   Clement   or   Origen。        I   do   not   say  that   there is;  or   ought   to   be;   a
  Christian Metaphysic。          I am speaking; as you know; merely as a historian;
  dealing with facts; and I say that there was one; as profound; as scientific;
  as   severe;   as   that   of   the   Pagan   Neoplatonists;   starting   indeed;   as   I   shall
  show hereafter; on many points from common ground with theirs。                            One
  can hardly doubt; I should fancy; that many parts of St。 John's Gospel and
  Epistles;   whatever   view   we   may   take   of   them;   if   they   are   to   be   called
  anything; are to be called metaphysic and philosophic。                     And one can no
  more     doubt    that   before    writing    them    he   had   studied    Philo;   and   was
  expanding Philo's thought in the direction which seemed fit to him; than
  we   can   doubt   it   of   the   earlier   Neoplatonists。   The   technical   language   is
  often identical; so are the primary ideas from which he starts; howsoever
  widely   the   conclusions   may   differ。        If   Plotinus   considered   himself   an
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  intellectual disciple of Plato; so did Origen and Clemens。                 And I must; as
  I   said   before;   speak   of   both;   or   of   neither。 My   only   hope   of   escaping
  delicate ground lies in the curious fact; that rightly or wrongly; the form in
  which Christianity presented itself to the old Alexandrian thinkers was so
  utterly different from the popular conception of it in modern England; that
  one may very likely be able to tell what little one knows about it; almost
  without mentioning a single doctrine which now influences the religious
  world。
  But far greater is my fear; that to a modern British auditory; trained in
  the school of Locke; much of ancient thought; heathen as well as Christian;
  may seem so utterly the product of the imagination; so utterly without any
  corresponding   reality  in   the   universe;   as   to   look   like   mere   unintelligible
  madness。       Still;   I   must   try;   only  entreating   my  hearers   to   consider;   that
  how much soever we may honour Locke and his great Scotch followers;
  we   are   not   bound   to   believe   them   either   infallible;   or   altogether   world…
  embracing; that there have been other methods than theirs of conceiving
  the   Unseen;     that   the  common       ground    from   which     both   Christian    and
  heathen Alexandrians start; is not merely a private vagary of their own; but
  one which has been accepted undoubtingly; under so many various forms;
  by    so   many     different    races;   as  to   give   something      of   an   inductive
  probability that it is not a mere dream; but may be a right and true instinct
  of   the   human   mind。     I   mean   the   belief   that   the   things   which   we   see
  nature and all her phenomena are temporal; and born only to die; mere
  shadows   of   some   unseen   realities;   from   whom   their   laws   and   life   are
  derived; while the eternal things which subsist without growth; decay; or
  change; the only real; only truly existing things; in short; are certain things
  which      are   not   seen;    inappreciable      by    sense;   or   understanding;       or
  imagination; perceived only by the conscience and the reason。                     And that;
  again; the problem of philosophy; the highest good for man; that for the
  sake    of   which    death   were    a  gain;   without    which    life  is  worthless;    a
  drudgery;   a   degradation;   a   failure;   and   a   ruin;   is   to   discover   what   those
  unseen eternal things are; to know them; possess them; be in harmony with
  them; and thereby alone to rise to any real and solid power; or safety; or
  nobleness。      It is a s