第 13 节
作者:
莫莫言 更新:2022-08-21 16:32 字数:9321
again; and so by prudent and well…bred and tolerant qualifying of every
assertion; neither affirming too much; nor denying too much; keep their
minds in a wholesomeor unwholesomestate of equilibrium; as stagnant
pools are kept; that everything may have free toleration to rot undisturbed。
These hapless caricaturists of the dialectic of Plato; and the logic of
Aristotle; careless of any vital principles or real results; ready enough to
use fallacies each for their own party; and openly proud of their success in
doing so; were assisted by worthy compeers of an outwardly opposite tone
of thought; the Cyrenaics; Theodorus and Hegesias。 With their clique; as
with their master Aristippus; the senses were the only avenues to
knowledge; man was the measure of all things; and 〃happiness our being's
end and aim。〃 Theodorus was surnamed the Atheist; and; it seems; not
without good reason; for he taught that there was no absolute or eternal
difference between good and evil; nothing really disgraceful in crimes; no
divine ground for laws; which according to him had been invented by men
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to prevent fools from making themselves disagreeable; on which theory;
laws must be confessed to have been in all ages somewhat of a failure。
He seems to have been; like his master; an impudent light…hearted fellow;
who took life easily enough; laughed at patriotism; and all other high…
flown notions; boasted that the world was his country; and was no doubt
excellent after…dinner company for the great king。 Hegesias; his fellow
Cyrenaic; was a man of a darker and more melancholic temperament; and
while Theodorus contented himself with preaching a comfortable
selfishness; and obtaining pleasure; made it rather his study to avoid pain。
Doubtless both their theories were popular enough at Alexandria; as they
were in France during the analogous period; the Siecle Louis Quinze。
The 〃Contrat Social;〃 and the rest of their doctrines; moral and
metaphysical; will always have their admirers on earth; as long as that
variety of the human species exists for whose especial behoof Theodorus
held that laws were made; and the whole form of thought met with great
approbation in after years at Rome; where Epicurus carried it to its highest
perfection。 After that; under the pressure of a train of rather severe
lessons; which Gibbon has detailed in his 〃Decline and Fall of the Roman
Empire;〃 little or nothing was heard of it; save sotto voce; perhaps; at the
Papal courts of the sixteenth century。 To revive it publicly; or at least as
much of it as could be borne by a world now for seventeen centuries
Christian; was the glory of the eighteenth century。 The moral scheme of
Theodorus has now nearly vanished among us; at least as a confessed
creed; and; in spite of the authority of Mr。 Locke's great and good name;
his metaphysical scheme is showing signs of a like approaching
disappearance。 Let us hope that it may be a speedy one; for if the senses
be the only avenues to knowledge; if man be the measure of all things; and
if law have not; as Hooker says; her fount and home in the very bosom of
God himself; then was Homer's Zeus right in declaring man to be 〃the
most wretched of all the beasts of the field。〃
And yet one cannot help looking with a sort of awe (I dare not call it
respect) at that melancholic faithless Hegesias。 Doubtless he; like his
compeers; and indeed all Alexandria for three hundred years; cultivated
philosophy with no more real purpose than it was cultivated by the
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graceless beaux…esprits of Louis XV。's court; and with as little practical
effect on morality; but of this Hegesias alone it stands written; that his
teaching actually made men do something; and moreover; do the most
solemn and important thing which any man can do; excepting always
doing right。 I must confess; however; that the result of his teaching took
so unexpected a form; that the reigning Ptolemy; apparently Philadelphus;
had to interfere with the sacred right of every man to talk as much
nonsense as he likes; and forbade Hegesias to teach at Alexandria。 For
Hegesias; a Cyrenaic like Theodorus; but a rather more morose pedant
than that saucy and happy scoffer; having discovered that the great end of
man was to avoid pain; also discovered (his digestion being probably in a
disordered state) that there was so much more pain than pleasure in the
world; as to make it a thoroughly disagreeable place; of which man was
well rid at any price。 Whereon he wrote a book called; 'Greek text:
apokarteroon'; in which a man who had determined to starve himself;
preached the miseries of human life; and the blessings of death; with such
overpowering force; that the book actually drove many persons to commit
suicide; and escape from a world which was not fit to dwell in。 A fearful
proof of how rotten the state of society was becoming; how desperate the
minds of men; during those frightful centuries which immediately
preceded the Christian era; and how fast was approaching that dark chaos
of unbelief and unrighteousness; which Paul of Tarsus so analyses and
describes in the first chapter of his Epistle to the Romanswhen the old
light was lost; the old faiths extinct; the old reverence for the laws of
family and national life; destroyed; yea even the natural instincts
themselves perverted; that chaos whose darkness Juvenal; and Petronius;
and Tacitus have proved; in their fearful pages; not to have been
exaggerated by the more compassionate though more righteous Jew。
And now observe; that this selfishnessthis wholesome state of
equilibriumthis philosophic calm; which is really only a lazy pride; was;
as far as we can tell; the main object of all the schools from the time of
Alexander to the Christian era。 We know very little of those Sceptics;
Cynics; Epicureans; Academics; Peripatetics; Stoics; of whom there has
been so much talk; except at second…hand; through the Romans; from
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whom Stoicism in after ages received a new and not ignoble life。 But this
we do know of the later sets; that they gradually gave up the search for
truth; and propounded to themselves as the great type for a philosopher;
How shall a man save his own soul from this evil world? They may have
been right; it may have been the best thing to think about in those
exhausted and decaying times: but it was a question of ethics; not of
philosophy; in the sense which the old Greek sages put on that latter word。
Their object was; not to get at the laws of all things; but to fortify
themselves against all things; each according to his scheme; and so to be
self…sufficient and alone。 Even in the Stoics; who boldly and righteously
asserted an immutable morality; this was the leading conception。 As has
been well said of them:
〃If we reflect how deeply the feeling of an intercourse between men
and a divine race superior to themselves had worked itself into the Greek
characterwhat a number of fables; some beautiful; some impure; it had
impregnated and procured credence forhow it sustained every form of
polity and every system of laws; we may imagine what the effects must
have been of its disappearance。 If it is possible for any man; it was not;
certainly; possible for a Greek; to feel himself connected by any real bonds
with his fellow…creatures around him; while he felt himself utterly
separated