第 12 节
作者:莫莫言      更新:2022-08-21 16:32      字数:9322
  Neoplatonists had a bad habit; which grew on them more and more as the
  years rolled on; of mixing up philosophy with theology; and so defiling; or
  at   all   events   colouring;   its   pure   transparency。     There   is   no   denying   the
  imputation; as I shall show at greater length in my next Lecture。 But one
  would have thought; looking back through history; that the Alexandrians
  were not the only philosophers guilty of this shameful act of syncretism。
  Plato; one would have thought; was as great a sinner as they。                    So were the
  Hindoos。       In   spite   of   all   their   logical   and   metaphysical   acuteness;   they
  were;     you   will   find;   unable    to  get   rid  of   the  notion    that   theological
  inquiries   concerning   Brahma; Atma;   Creeshna;   were   indissolubly   mixed
  up with that same logic and metaphysic。                 The Parsees could not separate
  questions about Ahriman and Ormuzd from Kant's three great philosophic
  problems:       What is Man?What may be known?What should be done?
  Neither; indeed; could the earlier Greek sages。                 Not one of them; of any
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  school      whatsoeverfrom        the   semi…mythic       Seven     Sages    to   Plato   and
  Aristotlebut finds it necessary to consider not in passing; but as the great
  object of research; questions concerning the gods:… whether they are real
  or   not;   one   or   many;   personal   or   impersonal;   cosmic;   and   parts   of   the
  universe;   or   organisers   and   rulers   of   it;   in   relation   to   man;   or   without
  relation to him。       Even in those who flatly deny the existence of the gods;
  even in Lucretius himself; these  questions have to be considered;  before
  the question; What   is   man?   can   get   any  solution   at   all。       On   the   answer
  given   to   them  is   found  to   depend   intimately  the   answer to   the   question;
  What      is  the  immaterial      part   of  man?      Is   it  a  part   of  nature;    or  of
  something above nature?            Has he an immaterial part at all?in one word;
  Is   a  human      metaphysic      possible     at  all?   So    it  was    with   the   Greek
  philosophers of old; even; as Asclepius and Ammonius say; with Aristotle
  himself。      〃The   object   of   Aristotle's   metaphysic;〃   one   of   them   says;   〃is
  theological。  Herein Aristotle  theologises。〃             And   there  is no   denying   the
  assertion。 We must not then be hard on the Neoplatonists; as if they were
  the first to mix things separate from the foundation of the world。                    I do not
  say   that   theology   and   metaphysic   are   separate   studies。          That   is   to   be
  ascertained   only   by   seeing   some   one   separate   them。          And   when   I   see
  them separated; I shall believe them separable。                Only the separation must
  not be produced by the simple expedient of denying the existence of either
  one of them; or at least of ignoring the existence of one steadily during the
  study of the other。        If they can be parted without injury to each other; let
  them     be   parted;    and   till  then   let  us  suspend     hard    judgments      on   the
  Alexandrian school of metaphysic; and also on the schools of that curious
  people the Jews; who had at this period a steadily increasing influence on
  the thought; as well as on the commercial prosperity; of Alexandria。
  You must not suppose; in the meanwhile; that the philosophers whom
  the Ptolemies collected (as they would have any other marketable article)
  by  liberal offers   of   pay  and patronage;  were such   men   as   the old   Seven
  Sages of Greece; or as Socrates; Plato; and Aristotle。                   In these three last
  indeed; Greek thought reached not merely its greatest height; but the edge
  of   a   precipice;   down   which   it   rolled   headlong   after   their   decease。     The
  intellectual   defects   of   the   Greek   mind;   of   which   I   have   already   spoken;
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  were   doubtless   one   great   cause   of   this   decay:    but;   to   my   mind;   moral
  causes had still more to do with it。            The more cultivated Greek states; to
  judge from the writings of Plato; had not been an over… righteous people
  during the generation in which he lived。                And in the generations which
  followed; they became an altogether wicked people; immoral; unbelieving;
  hating     good;    and    delighting    in   all  which    was    evil。   And    it  was   in
  consequence of these very sins of theirs; as I think; that the old Hellenic
  race   began   to   die   out   physically;   and   population   throughout   Greece   to
  decrease   with   frightful   rapidity;   after   the   time   of   the   Achaean   league。
  The   facts   are   well   known;   and   foul   enough   they  are。 When   the   Romans
  destroyed Greece; God was just and merciful。                  The eagles were gathered
  together only because the carrion needed to be removed from the face of
  God's     earth。    And     at  the   time   of  which     I  now    speak;    the  signs   of
  approaching death were fearfully apparent。               Hapless and hopeless enough
  were the clique of men out of whom the first two Ptolemies hoped to form
  a school of philosophy; men certainly clever enough; and amusing withal;
  who   might   give   the  kings   of   Egypt   many  a   shrewd lesson in   king…craft;
  and the ways of this world; and the art of profiting by the folly of fools;
  and the selfishness of the selfish; or who might amuse them; in default of
  fighting…cocks; by puns and repartees; and battles of logic; 〃how one thing
  cannot   be   predicated   of   another;〃   or   〃how   the   wise   man   is   not   only   to
  overcome every misfortune; but not even to feel it;〃 and other such mighty
  questions;      which    in   those   days    hid   that  deep    unbelief    in   any   truth
  whatsoever       which    was    spreading     fast  over   the   minds    of  men。     Such
  word…splitters were Stilpo and Diodorus; the slayer and the slain。                      They
  were   of   the   Megaran   school;  and   were   named   Dialectics;   and   also;  with
  more truth; Eristics; or quarrellers。           Their clique had professed to follow
  Zeno and Socrates in declaring the instability of sensible presumptions and
  conclusions; in preaching an absolute and eternal Being。                    But there was
  this deep gulf between them and Socrates; that while Socrates professed to
  be   seeking   for   the   Absolute   and   Eternal;   for   that   which   is;   they   were
  content with affirming that it exists。            With him; as with the older sages;
  philosophy       was   a   search   for   truth。   With     them    it  was   a  scheme     of
  doctrines      to  be   defended。      And     the   dialectic   on   which     they   prided
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  themselves       so   much;     differed    from    his   accordingly。       He     used    it
  inductively;  to   seek   out;  under  the  notions   and  conceptions   of   the   mind;
  certain absolute truths and laws of which they were only the embodiment。
  Words and thought were to him a field for careful and reverent induction;
  as   the   phenomena   of   nature   are   to   us   the   disciples   of   Bacon。   But   with
  these hapless Megarans; who thought that they had found that for which
  Socrates professed only to seek dimly and afar off; and had got it safe in a
  dogma; preserved as it were in spirits; and put by in a museum; the great
  use of dialectic was to confute opponents。              Delight in their own subtlety
  grew on them; the worship not of objective truth; but of the forms of the
  intellect   whereby   it   may   be   demonstrated;   till   they   became   the   veriest
  word…splitters; rivals of the old sophists whom their master had attacked;
  and justified too often Aristophanes' calumny; which confounded Socrates
  with his opponents; as a man whose aim was to make the worse appear the
  better reason。
  We have here; in both parties; all the marks of an age of exhaustion; of
  scepticism; of despair about finding any real truth。               No wonder that they
  were   superseded   by  the   Pyrrhonists;   who   doubted   all   things;   and   by   the
  Academy; which prided itself on setting up each thing to knock it down
  again;   and   so   by  prudent   and   well…bred   and   tolerant   qualifying   of   every
  ass