第 12 节
作者:
莫莫言 更新:2022-08-21 16:32 字数:9322
Neoplatonists had a bad habit; which grew on them more and more as the
years rolled on; of mixing up philosophy with theology; and so defiling; or
at all events colouring; its pure transparency。 There is no denying the
imputation; as I shall show at greater length in my next Lecture。 But one
would have thought; looking back through history; that the Alexandrians
were not the only philosophers guilty of this shameful act of syncretism。
Plato; one would have thought; was as great a sinner as they。 So were the
Hindoos。 In spite of all their logical and metaphysical acuteness; they
were; you will find; unable to get rid of the notion that theological
inquiries concerning Brahma; Atma; Creeshna; were indissolubly mixed
up with that same logic and metaphysic。 The Parsees could not separate
questions about Ahriman and Ormuzd from Kant's three great philosophic
problems: What is Man?What may be known?What should be done?
Neither; indeed; could the earlier Greek sages。 Not one of them; of any
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school whatsoeverfrom the semi…mythic Seven Sages to Plato and
Aristotlebut finds it necessary to consider not in passing; but as the great
object of research; questions concerning the gods:… whether they are real
or not; one or many; personal or impersonal; cosmic; and parts of the
universe; or organisers and rulers of it; in relation to man; or without
relation to him。 Even in those who flatly deny the existence of the gods;
even in Lucretius himself; these questions have to be considered; before
the question; What is man? can get any solution at all。 On the answer
given to them is found to depend intimately the answer to the question;
What is the immaterial part of man? Is it a part of nature; or of
something above nature? Has he an immaterial part at all?in one word;
Is a human metaphysic possible at all? So it was with the Greek
philosophers of old; even; as Asclepius and Ammonius say; with Aristotle
himself。 〃The object of Aristotle's metaphysic;〃 one of them says; 〃is
theological。 Herein Aristotle theologises。〃 And there is no denying the
assertion。 We must not then be hard on the Neoplatonists; as if they were
the first to mix things separate from the foundation of the world。 I do not
say that theology and metaphysic are separate studies。 That is to be
ascertained only by seeing some one separate them。 And when I see
them separated; I shall believe them separable。 Only the separation must
not be produced by the simple expedient of denying the existence of either
one of them; or at least of ignoring the existence of one steadily during the
study of the other。 If they can be parted without injury to each other; let
them be parted; and till then let us suspend hard judgments on the
Alexandrian school of metaphysic; and also on the schools of that curious
people the Jews; who had at this period a steadily increasing influence on
the thought; as well as on the commercial prosperity; of Alexandria。
You must not suppose; in the meanwhile; that the philosophers whom
the Ptolemies collected (as they would have any other marketable article)
by liberal offers of pay and patronage; were such men as the old Seven
Sages of Greece; or as Socrates; Plato; and Aristotle。 In these three last
indeed; Greek thought reached not merely its greatest height; but the edge
of a precipice; down which it rolled headlong after their decease。 The
intellectual defects of the Greek mind; of which I have already spoken;
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were doubtless one great cause of this decay: but; to my mind; moral
causes had still more to do with it。 The more cultivated Greek states; to
judge from the writings of Plato; had not been an over… righteous people
during the generation in which he lived。 And in the generations which
followed; they became an altogether wicked people; immoral; unbelieving;
hating good; and delighting in all which was evil。 And it was in
consequence of these very sins of theirs; as I think; that the old Hellenic
race began to die out physically; and population throughout Greece to
decrease with frightful rapidity; after the time of the Achaean league。
The facts are well known; and foul enough they are。 When the Romans
destroyed Greece; God was just and merciful。 The eagles were gathered
together only because the carrion needed to be removed from the face of
God's earth。 And at the time of which I now speak; the signs of
approaching death were fearfully apparent。 Hapless and hopeless enough
were the clique of men out of whom the first two Ptolemies hoped to form
a school of philosophy; men certainly clever enough; and amusing withal;
who might give the kings of Egypt many a shrewd lesson in king…craft;
and the ways of this world; and the art of profiting by the folly of fools;
and the selfishness of the selfish; or who might amuse them; in default of
fighting…cocks; by puns and repartees; and battles of logic; 〃how one thing
cannot be predicated of another;〃 or 〃how the wise man is not only to
overcome every misfortune; but not even to feel it;〃 and other such mighty
questions; which in those days hid that deep unbelief in any truth
whatsoever which was spreading fast over the minds of men。 Such
word…splitters were Stilpo and Diodorus; the slayer and the slain。 They
were of the Megaran school; and were named Dialectics; and also; with
more truth; Eristics; or quarrellers。 Their clique had professed to follow
Zeno and Socrates in declaring the instability of sensible presumptions and
conclusions; in preaching an absolute and eternal Being。 But there was
this deep gulf between them and Socrates; that while Socrates professed to
be seeking for the Absolute and Eternal; for that which is; they were
content with affirming that it exists。 With him; as with the older sages;
philosophy was a search for truth。 With them it was a scheme of
doctrines to be defended。 And the dialectic on which they prided
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themselves so much; differed from his accordingly。 He used it
inductively; to seek out; under the notions and conceptions of the mind;
certain absolute truths and laws of which they were only the embodiment。
Words and thought were to him a field for careful and reverent induction;
as the phenomena of nature are to us the disciples of Bacon。 But with
these hapless Megarans; who thought that they had found that for which
Socrates professed only to seek dimly and afar off; and had got it safe in a
dogma; preserved as it were in spirits; and put by in a museum; the great
use of dialectic was to confute opponents。 Delight in their own subtlety
grew on them; the worship not of objective truth; but of the forms of the
intellect whereby it may be demonstrated; till they became the veriest
word…splitters; rivals of the old sophists whom their master had attacked;
and justified too often Aristophanes' calumny; which confounded Socrates
with his opponents; as a man whose aim was to make the worse appear the
better reason。
We have here; in both parties; all the marks of an age of exhaustion; of
scepticism; of despair about finding any real truth。 No wonder that they
were superseded by the Pyrrhonists; who doubted all things; and by the
Academy; which prided itself on setting up each thing to knock it down
again; and so by prudent and well…bred and tolerant qualifying of every
ass