第 6 节
作者:
莫莫言 更新:2022-08-21 16:32 字数:9322
For Antony having become possessor of it by right of the stronger; gave it
to Cleopatra; and it remained at Alexandria for seven hundred years。 But
we must not anticipate events。
Then there must be besides a Mouseion; a Temple of the Muses; with
all due appliances; in a vast building adjoining the palace itself; under the
very wing of royalty; and it must have porticos; wherein sages may
converse; lecture…rooms; where they may display themselves at their will
to their rapt scholars; each like a turkey…cock before his brood; and a large
dining…hall; where they may enjoy themselves in moderation; as befits
sages; not without puns and repartees; epigrams; anagrams; and Attic salt;
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to be fatal; alas; to poor Diodorus the dialectician。 For Stilpo; prince of
sophists; having silenced him by some quibbling puzzle of logic; Ptolemy
surnamed him Chronos the Slow。 Poor Diodorus went home; took pen
and ink; wrote a treatise on the awful nothing; and died in despair; leaving
five 〃dialectical daughters〃 behind him; to be thorns in the sides of some
five hapless men of Macedonia; as 〃emancipated women;〃 a class but too
common in the later days of Greece; as they will always be; perhaps; in
civilisations which are decaying and crumbling to pieces; leaving their
members to seek in bewilderment what they are; and what bonds connect
them with their fellow…beings。 But to return: funds shall be provided
for the Museum from the treasury; a priest of rank; appointed by royalty;
shall be curator; botanical and zoological gardens shall be attached;
collections of wonders made。 In all things the presiding genius of
Aristotle shall be worshipped; for these; like Alexander; were his pupils。
Had he not mapped out all heaven and earth; things seen and unseen; with
his entelechies; and energies; and dunameis; and put every created and
uncreated thing henceforth into its proper place; from the ascidians and
polypes of the sea to the virtues and the vicesyea; to that Great Deity and
Prime Cause (which indeed was all things); Noesis Noeseon; 〃the Thought
of Thoughts;〃 whom he discovered by irrefragable processes of logic; and
in whom the philosophers believe privately; leaving Serapis to the women
and the sailors? All they had to do was to follow in his steps; to take
each of them a branch; of science or literature; or as many branches as one
man conveniently can; and working them out on the approved methods;
end in a few years; as Alexander did; by weeping on the utmost shore of
creation that there are no more worlds left to conquer。
Alas! the Muses are shy and wild; and though they will haunt; like
skylarks; on the bleakest northern moor as cheerfully as on the sunny hills
of Greece; and rise thence singing into the heaven of heavens; yet they are
hard to tempt into a gilded cage; however amusingly made and plentifully
stored with comforts。 Royal societies; associations of savants; and the
like; are good for many things; but not for the breeding of art and genius:
for they are things which cannot be bred。 Such institutions are excellent
for physical science; when; as among us now; physical science is going on
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the right method: but where; as in Alexandria; it was going on an utterly
wrong method; they stereotype the errors of the age; and invest them with
the prestige of authority; and produce mere Sorbonnes; and schools of
pedants。 To literature; too; they do some good; that is; in a literary age
an age of reflection rather than of production; of antiquarian research;
criticism; imitation; when book…making has become an easy and
respectable pursuit for the many who cannot dig; and are ashamed to beg。
And yet; by adding that same prestige of authority; not to mention of good
society and Court favour; to the popular mania for literature; they help on
the growing evil; and increase the multitude of prophets who prophesy out
of their own heart and have seen nothing。
And this was; it must be said; the outcome of all the Ptolemaean
appliances。
In Physics they did little。 In Art nothing。 In Metaphysics less than
nothing。
We will first examine; as the more pleasant spectacle of the two; that
branch of thought in which some progress was really made; and in which
the Ptolemaic schools helped forward the development of men who have
become world…famous; and will remain so; I suppose; until the end of
time。
Four names at once attract us: Euclid; Aristarchus; Eratosthenes;
Hipparchus。 Archimedes; also; should be included in the list; for he was
a pupil of the Alexandrian school; having studied (if Proclus is to be
trusted) in Egypt; under Conon the Samian; during the reigns of two
Ptolemies; Philadelphus and Euergetes。
Of Euclid; as the founder (according to Proclus) of the Alexandrian
Mathematical school; I must of course speak first。 Those who wish to
attain to a juster conception of the man and his work than they can do
from any other source; will do well to read Professor De Morgan's
admirable article on him in 〃Smith's Classical Dictionary;〃 which includes;
also; a valuable little sketch of the rise of Geometric science; from
Pythagoras and Plato; of whose school Euclid was; to the great master
himself。
I shall confine myself to one observation on Euclid's genius; and on
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the immense influence which it exerted on after generations。 It seems to
me; speaking under correction; that it exerted this; because it was so
complete a type of the general tendency of the Greek mind; deductive;
rather than inductive; of unrivalled subtlety in obtaining results from
principles; and results again from them ad infinitum: deficient in that
sturdy moral patience which is required for the examination of facts; and
which has made Britain at once a land of practical craftsmen; and of
earnest scientific discoverers。
Volatile; restless; 〃always children longing for something new;〃 as the
Egyptian priest said of them; they were too ready to believe that they had
attained laws; and then; tired with their toy; throw away those hastily
assumed laws; and wander off in search of others。 Gifted; beyond all the
sons of men; with the most exquisite perception of form; both physical and
metaphysical; they could become geometers and logicians as they became
sculptors and artists; beyond that they could hardly rise。 The were
conscious of their power to build; and it made them ashamed to dig。
Four men only among them seem; as far as I can judge; to have had a
great inductive power: Socrates and Plato in Metaphysics; Archimedes
and Hipparchus in Physics。 But these men ran so far counter to the
national genius; that their examples were not followed。 As you will hear
presently; the discoveries of Archimedes and Hipparchus were allowed to
remain where they were for centuries。 The Dialectic of Plato and
Socrates was degraded into a mere art for making anything appear
alternately true and false; and among the Megaric school; for undermining
the ground of all science; and paving the way for scepticism; by denying
the natural world to be the object of certain knowledge。 The only
element of Plato's thought to which they clung was; as we shall find from
the Neoplatonists; his physical speculations; in which; deserting his
inductive method; he has fallen below himself into the popular cacoethes;
and Pythagorean deductive dreams about the mysterious powers