第 6 节
作者:莫莫言      更新:2022-08-21 16:32      字数:9322
  For Antony having become possessor of it by right of the stronger; gave it
  to Cleopatra; and it remained at Alexandria for seven hundred years。                     But
  we must not anticipate events。
  Then there must be besides a Mouseion; a Temple of the Muses; with
  all due appliances; in a vast building adjoining the palace itself; under the
  very    wing    of  royalty;    and   it  must   have    porticos;   wherein     sages   may
  converse; lecture…rooms; where they may display themselves at their will
  to their rapt scholars; each like a turkey…cock before his brood; and a large
  dining…hall;   where   they   may   enjoy   themselves   in   moderation;   as   befits
  sages; not without puns and repartees; epigrams; anagrams; and Attic salt;
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  to be fatal; alas; to poor Diodorus the dialectician。              For Stilpo; prince of
  sophists; having silenced him by some quibbling puzzle of logic; Ptolemy
  surnamed   him  Chronos   the   Slow。         Poor   Diodorus   went   home;  took   pen
  and ink; wrote a treatise on the awful nothing; and died in despair; leaving
  five 〃dialectical daughters〃 behind him; to be thorns in the sides of some
  five hapless men of Macedonia; as 〃emancipated women;〃 a class but too
  common in the later days of Greece; as they will always be; perhaps; in
  civilisations   which   are   decaying   and   crumbling   to   pieces;   leaving   their
  members to seek in bewilderment what they are; and what bonds connect
  them  with   their   fellow…beings。       But   to   return:   funds   shall   be   provided
  for the Museum from the treasury; a priest of rank; appointed by royalty;
  shall    be   curator;   botanical    and   zoological     gardens    shall   be   attached;
  collections     of   wonders     made。     In   all  things    the  presiding    genius    of
  Aristotle shall be worshipped; for these; like Alexander; were his pupils。
  Had he not mapped out all heaven and earth; things seen and unseen; with
  his   entelechies;   and   energies;   and   dunameis;   and   put   every   created   and
  uncreated   thing   henceforth   into   its   proper   place;   from   the   ascidians   and
  polypes of the sea to the virtues and the vicesyea; to that Great Deity and
  Prime Cause (which indeed was all things); Noesis Noeseon; 〃the Thought
  of Thoughts;〃 whom he discovered by irrefragable processes of logic; and
  in whom the philosophers believe privately; leaving Serapis to the women
  and   the   sailors?    All   they  had   to do   was   to   follow in   his   steps;   to   take
  each of them a branch; of science or literature; or as many branches as one
  man   conveniently  can;   and   working   them  out on   the   approved   methods;
  end in a few years; as Alexander did; by weeping on the utmost shore of
  creation that there are no more worlds left to conquer。
  Alas!   the   Muses   are   shy   and   wild;   and   though   they   will   haunt;   like
  skylarks; on the bleakest northern moor as cheerfully as on the sunny hills
  of Greece; and rise thence singing into the heaven of heavens; yet they are
  hard to tempt into a gilded cage; however amusingly made and plentifully
  stored   with   comforts。      Royal   societies;   associations   of   savants;   and   the
  like; are good for many things; but not for the breeding of art and genius:
  for they are things which cannot be bred。 Such institutions are  excellent
  for physical science; when; as among us now; physical science is going on
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  the right method:        but where; as in Alexandria; it was going on an utterly
  wrong method; they stereotype the errors of the age; and invest them with
  the   prestige   of   authority;   and   produce   mere   Sorbonnes;   and   schools   of
  pedants。      To literature; too; they do some good; that is; in a literary age
  an   age   of   reflection   rather   than   of   production;   of   antiquarian   research;
  criticism;      imitation;    when      book…making        has    become       an   easy    and
  respectable pursuit for the many who cannot dig; and are ashamed to beg。
  And yet; by adding that same prestige of authority; not to mention of good
  society and Court favour; to the popular mania for literature; they help on
  the growing evil; and increase the multitude of prophets who prophesy out
  of their own heart and have seen nothing。
  And   this   was;   it   must   be   said;   the   outcome   of   all   the   Ptolemaean
  appliances。
  In Physics they did little。         In Art nothing。        In Metaphysics less than
  nothing。
  We will first examine; as the more pleasant spectacle of the two; that
  branch of thought in which some progress was really made; and in which
  the Ptolemaic schools helped forward the development of men who have
  become   world…famous;   and   will   remain   so;   I   suppose;   until   the   end   of
  time。
  Four     names    at  once    attract   us:   Euclid;    Aristarchus;      Eratosthenes;
  Hipparchus。        Archimedes; also; should be included in the list; for he was
  a   pupil   of   the   Alexandrian   school;   having   studied   (if   Proclus   is   to   be
  trusted)   in   Egypt;   under   Conon   the   Samian;   during          the   reigns   of   two
  Ptolemies; Philadelphus and Euergetes。
  Of   Euclid;   as   the   founder   (according   to   Proclus)   of   the Alexandrian
  Mathematical   school;  I   must   of   course speak   first。         Those   who   wish   to
  attain   to   a   juster   conception   of   the   man   and   his   work   than   they   can   do
  from     any    other   source;    will   do   well   to  read    Professor    De    Morgan's
  admirable article on him in 〃Smith's Classical Dictionary;〃 which includes;
  also;    a  valuable     little  sketch   of   the   rise  of  Geometric       science;    from
  Pythagoras   and   Plato;   of   whose   school   Euclid   was;   to   the   great   master
  himself。
  I shall   confine   myself   to   one observation   on  Euclid's   genius;  and   on
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  the immense influence which it exerted on after generations。                    It seems to
  me;   speaking   under   correction;   that   it   exerted   this;   because   it   was     so
  complete   a   type   of   the   general   tendency   of   the   Greek   mind;   deductive;
  rather    than   inductive;    of  unrivalled     subtlety   in  obtaining     results   from
  principles;   and   results   again   from   them   ad   infinitum:      deficient   in   that
  sturdy moral patience which is required for the examination of facts; and
  which   has   made   Britain   at   once   a   land   of   practical   craftsmen;   and   of
  earnest scientific discoverers。
  Volatile; restless; 〃always children longing for something new;〃 as the
  Egyptian priest said of them; they were too ready to believe that they had
  attained   laws;   and   then;   tired   with   their   toy;   throw   away   those   hastily
  assumed laws; and wander off in search of others。                 Gifted; beyond all the
  sons of men; with the most exquisite perception of form; both physical and
  metaphysical; they could become geometers and logicians as they became
  sculptors     and   artists;   beyond    that   they   could    hardly   rise。   The     were
  conscious of their power to build; and it made them ashamed to dig。
  Four men only among them seem; as far as I can judge; to have had a
  great   inductive   power:      Socrates   and   Plato   in   Metaphysics; Archimedes
  and   Hipparchus   in   Physics。        But   these   men   ran   so   far   counter   to   the
  national genius; that their examples were not followed。                  As you will hear
  presently; the discoveries of Archimedes and Hipparchus were allowed to
  remain      where    they   were    for   centuries。     The    Dialectic     of  Plato   and
  Socrates      was   degraded      into   a  mere    art  for   making     anything     appear
  alternately true and false; and among the Megaric school; for undermining
  the ground of all science; and paving the way for scepticism; by denying
  the    natural   world    to  be   the   object   of  certain    knowledge。       The    only
  element of Plato's thought to which they clung was; as we shall find from
  the    Neoplatonists;      his  physical     speculations;     in  which;     deserting    his
  inductive method; he has fallen below himself into the popular cacoethes;
  and     Pythagorean      deductive      dreams     about    the  mysterious      powers