第 5 节
作者:莫莫言      更新:2022-08-21 16:32      字数:9322
  Soter; the Saviour; and on the whole he deserved the title。 Instead of the
  wretched misrule and slavery of the conquering Persian dynasty; they had
  at least law and order; reviving commerce; and a system of administration;
  we are told (I confess to speaking here quite at second…hand); especially
  adapted to the peculiar caste…society; and the religious prejudices of Egypt。
  But   Ptolemy's     political   genius   went    beyond    such   merely   material     and
  Warburtonian care for the conservation of body and goods of his subjects。
  He effected with complete success a feat which has been attempted; before
  and since; by very many princes and potentates; but has always; except in
  Ptolemy's case; proved somewhat of a failure; namely; the making a new
  deity。    Mythology   in   general   was   in   a   rusty   state。   The   old   Egyptian
  gods had grown in his dominions very unfashionable; under the summary
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  iconoclasm to which they had been subjected by the Monotheist Persians
  the Puritans of the old world; as they have been well called。                  Indeed; all
  the dolls; and the treasure of the dolls' temples too; had been carried off by
  Cambyses   to   Babylon。         And   as   for   the   Greek   gods;   philosophers   had
  sublimed them  away  sadly  during the last   century:             not   to   mention that
  Alexander's   Macedonians;   during   their   wanderings   over   the   world;   had
  probably      become     rather   remiss    in  their   religious   exercises;    and   had
  possibly given up mentioning the Unseen world; except for those hortatory
  purposes for which it used to be employed by Nelson's veterans。                    But; as
  Ptolemy felt; people (women especially) must have something wherein to
  believe。 The 〃Religious Sentiment〃 in man must be satisfied。                    But; how
  to   do   it?  How     to  find   a  deity   who    would     meet    the  aspirations    of
  conquerors as well as conqueredof his most irreligious Macedonians; as
  well   as   of   his   most   religious   Egyptians?   It   was   a   great   problem:  but
  Ptolemy   solved      it。  He    seems    to   have  taken    the   same   method    which
  Brindley the engineer used in his perplexities; for he went to bed。                    And
  there he had a dream: How the foreign god Serapis; of Pontus (somewhere
  near this present hapless Sinope); appeared to him; and expressed his wish
  to   come    to  Alexandria;      and   there  try  his   influence    on   the  Religious
  Sentiment。      So Serapis was sent for; and cameat least the idol of him;
  and accommodating personage!he actually fitted。                  After he had been
  there awhile; he was found to be quite an old acquaintanceto be; in fact;
  the Greek Jove; and two or three other Greek gods; and also two or three
  Egyptian gods besideindeed; to be no other than the bull Apis; after his
  death   and   deification。    I   can   tell   you   no   more。 I   never   could   find that
  anything more was known。             You may see him among Greek and Roman
  statues as a young man; with a sort of high basket…shaped Persian turban
  on his head。      But; at least; he was found so pleasant and accommodating
  a conscience…keeper; that he spread; with Isis; his newly…found mother; or
  wife;   over   the   whole   East;   and   even   to   Rome。   The   Consuls   there50
  years   B。C。found   the   pair   not   too   respectable;   and   pulled   down   their
  temples。     But; so popular were they; in spite of their bad fame; that seven
  years after; the Triumvirs had to build the temples up again elsewhere; and
  from   that    time   forth;  Isis   and  Serapis;   in   spite;  poor   things;  of  much
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  persecution;   were   the   fashionable   deities   of   the   Roman   world。        Surely
  this Ptolemy was a man of genius!
  But Ptolemy had even more important work to do than making gods。
  He had to make men; for he had few or none ready made among his old
  veterans from Issus and Arbela。            He had no hereditary aristocracy:             and
  he wanted none。        No aristocracy of wealth; that might grow of itself; only
  too fast for his despotic power。          But as a despot; he must have a knot of
  men   round   him  who   would   do   his   work。       And   here   came   out   his   deep
  insight   into   fact。   It   had   not   escaped   that   man;   what   was   the   secret   of
  Greek supremacy。          How had he come there?             How had his great master
  conquered half the world?            How had the little semi…barbarous mountain
  tribe up there in Pella; risen under Philip to be the master…race of the globe?
  How; indeed; had Xenophon and his Ten Thousand; how had the handfuls
  of   Salamis   and   Marathon;   held   out   triumphantly   century   after   century;
  against     the  vast   weight    of   the  barbarian?      The     simple    answer    was:
  Because   the   Greek   has   mind;   the   barbarian   mere   brute   force。      Because
  mind is the lord of matter; because the Greek being the cultivated man; is
  the only true man; the rest are 'Greek text:            barbaroi'; mere things; clods;
  tools   for   the   wise   Greeks'   use;   in   spite   of   all   their   material   phantom…
  strength of elephants; and treasures; and tributaries by the million。                 Mind
  was   the   secret   of   Greek   power;   and   for   that   Ptolemy   would   work。    He
  would have an aristocracy of intellect; he would gather round him the wise
  men   of   the   world   (glad   enough   most   of   them   to   leave   that   miserable
  Greece; where every man's life was in his hand from hour to hour); and he
  would   develop   to   its   highest   the   conception   of   Philip;   when   he   made
  Aristotle     the  tutor   of  his   son   Alexander。      The    consequences       of  that
  attempt   were   written   in   letters   of   blood;   over   half   the   world;   Ptolemy
  would attempt it once more; with gentler results。                 For though he fought
  long; and often; and well; as Despot of Egypt; no less than as general of
  Alexander; he was not at heart a man of blood; and made peace the end of
  all his wars。
  So he begins。       Aristotle is gone:       but in Aristotle's place Philetas the
  sweet   singer   of   Cos;   and   Zenodotus   the   grammarian   of   Ephesus;   shall
  educate his favourite son; and he will have a literary court; and a literary
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  age。    Demetrius Phalereus; the Admirable Crichton of his time; the last of
  Attic   orators;   statesman;   philosopher;   poet;   warrior;  and   each   of   them  in
  the most graceful; insinuating; courtly way; migrates to Alexandria; after
  having had the three hundred and sixty statues; which the Athenians had
  too hastily erected to his honour; as hastily pulled down again。                  Here was
  a   prize   for   Ptolemy!    The   charming   man   became   his   bosom  friend   and
  fellow; even revised the laws of his kingdom; and fired him; if report says
  true; with a mighty thoughtno less a one than the great public Library of
  Alexandria; the first such institution; it is said; which the world had ever
  seen。
  So   a   library   is   begun   by   Soter;   and   organised   and   completed   by
  Philadelphus;   or   rather   two   libraries;   for   while   one   part   was   kept   at   the
  Serapeium; that vast temple on the inland rising ground; of which; as far as
  we can discover; Pompey's Pillar alone remains; one column out of four
  hundred;      the  rest  was    in  the  Brucheion      adjoining     the  Palace    and   the
  Museum。        Philadelphus   buys   Aristotle's   collection   to   add   to   the   stock;
  and Euergetes cheats the Athenians out of the original MSS。 of AEschylus;
  Sophocles; and Euripides; and adds largely to it by more honest methods。
  Eumenes;       King     of   Pergamus      in  Asia    Minor;     fired   with    emulation;
  commences   a   similar   collection;   and   is   so   successful;   that   the   reigning
  Ptolemy has to cut off his rival's supplies by prohibiting the exportation of
  papyrus;      and   the   Pergamenian        books    are   henceforth      transcribed     on
  parchment;   parchemin;   Pergamene;   which   thus   has   its   name   to   this   day;
  from Pergamus。         That collection; too; found its way at last to Alexandria。
  For Antony having become possessor of it by right of the stronger; gave it
  to Cleo