entered；　then　to　Florence　I　shall　never　return。〃　　His　enemies
  remaining　implacable；　Dante；　after　a　banishment　of　twenty　years；
  died　in　exile。　　They　even　pursued　him　after　death；　when　his
  book；　'De　Monarchia；'　was　publicly　burnt　at　Bologna　by　order
  of　the　Papal　Legate。
  Camoens　also　wrote　his　great　poems　mostly　in　banishment。　　Tired　of
  solitude　at　Santarem；　he　joined　an　expedition　against　the　Moors；
  in　which　he　distinguished　himself　by　his　bravery。　　He　lost　an　eye
  when　boarding　an　enemy's　ship　in　a　sea…fight。　　At　Goa；　in　the　East
  Indies；　he　witnessed　with　indignation　the　cruelty　practised　by　the
  Portuguese　on　the　natives；　and　expostulated　with　the　governor
  against　it。　　He　was　in　consequence　banished　from　the　settlement；
  and　sent　to　China。　　In　the　course　of　his　subsequent　adventures　and
  misfortunes；　Camoens　suffered　shipwreck；　escaping　only　with　his
  life　and　the　manuscript　of　his　'Lusiad。'　Persecution　and　hardship
  seemed　everywhere　to　pursue　him。　　At　Macao　he　was　thrown　into
  prison。　　Escaping　from　it；　he　set　sail　for　Lisbon；　where　he
  arrived；　after　sixteen　years'　absence；　poor　and　friendless。　　His
  'Lusiad；'　which　was　shortly　after　published；　brought　him　much
  fame；　but　no　money。　　But　for　his　old　Indian　slave　Antonio；　who
  begged　for　his　master　in　the　streets；　Camoens　must　have　perished。
  （5）　　As　it　was；　he　died　in　a　public　almshouse；　worn　out　by　disease
  and　hardship。　　An　inscription　was　placed　over　his　grave：〃Here
  lies　Luis　de　Camoens：　he　excelled　all　the　poets　of　his　time：　he
  lived　poor　and　miserable；　and　he　died　so；　MDLXXIX。〃　　This　record；
  disgraceful　but　truthful；　has　since　been　removed；　and　a　lying　and
  pompous　epitaph；　in　honour　of　the　great　national　poet　of　Portugal；
  has　been　substituted　in　its　stead。
  Even　Michael　Angelo　was　exposed；　during　the　greater　part　of　his
  life；　to　the　persecutions　of　the　enviousvulgar　nobles；　vulgar
  priests；　and　sordid　men　of　every　degree；　who　could　neither
  sympathise　with　him；　nor　comprehend　his　genius。　　When　Paul　IV。
  condemned　some　of　his　work　in　'The　Last　Judgment；'　the　artist
  observed　that　〃The　Pope　would　do　better　to　occupy　himself　with
  correcting　the　disorders　and　indecencies　which　disgrace　the　world；
  than　with　any　such　hypercriticisms　upon　his　art。〃
  Tasso　also　was　the　victim　of　almost　continual　persecution　and
  calumny。　　After　lying　in　a　madhouse　for　seven　years；　he　became　a
  wanderer　over　Italy；　and　when　on　his　deathbed；　he　wrote：　〃I　will
  not　complain　of　the　malignity　of　fortune；　because　I　do　not　choose
  to　speak　of　the　ingratitude　of　men　who　have　succeeded　in　dragging
  me　to　the　tomb　of　a　mendicant〃
  But　Time　brings　about　strange　revenges。　　The　persecutors　and　the
  persecuted　often　change　places；　it　is　the　latter　who　are　great
  the　former　who　are　infamous。　　Even　the　names　of　the　persecutors
  would　probably　long　ago　have　been　forgotten；　but　for　their
  connection　with　the　history　of　the　men　whom　they　have　persecuted。
  Thus；　who　would　now　have　known　of　Duke　Alfonso　of　Ferrara；　but　for
  his　imprisonment　of　Tasso？　　Or；　who　would　have　heard　of　the
  existence　of　the　Grand　Duke　of　Wurtemburg　of　some　ninety　years
  back；　but　for　his　petty　persecution　of　Schiller？
  Science　also　has　had　its　martyrs；　who　have　fought　their　way　to
  light　through　difficulty；　persecution；　and　suffering。　　We　need　not
  refer　again　to　the　cases　of　Bruno；　Galileo；　and　others；　（6）
  persecuted　because　of　the　supposed　heterodoxy　of　their　views。　　But
  there　have　been　other　unfortunates　amongst　men　of　science；　whose
  genius　has　been　unable　to　save　them　from　the　fury　of　their
  enemies。　　Thus　Bailly；　the　celebrated　French　astronomer　（who　had
  been　mayor　of　Paris）；　and　Lavoisier；　the　great　chemist；　were　both
  guillotined　in　the　first　French　Revolution。　　When　the　latter；
  after　being　sentenced　to　death　by　the　Commune；　asked　for　a　few
  days'　respite；　to　enable　him　to　ascertain　the　result　of　some
  experiments　he　had　made　during　his　confinement；　the　tribunal
  refused　his　appeal；　and　ordered　him　for　immediate　executionone
  of　the　judges　saying；　that　〃the　Republic　had　no　need　of
  philosophers。〃　　In　England　also；　about　the　same　time；　Dr。
  Priestley；　the　father　of　modern　chemistry；　had　his　house　burnt
  over　his　head；　and　his　library　destroyed；　amidst　shouts　of　〃No
  philosophers！〃　and　he　fled　from　his　native　country　to　lay　his
  bones　in　a　foreign　land。
  The　work　of　some　of　the　greatest　discoverers　has　been　done　in　the
  midst　of　persecution；　difficulty；　and　suffering。　　Columbus；　who
  discovered　the　New　World　and　gave　it　as　a　heritage　to　the　Old；　was
  in　his　lifetime　persecuted；　maligned；　and　plundered　by　those　whom
  he　had　enriched。　　Mungo　Park's　drowning　agony　in　the　African　river
  he　had　discovered；　but　which　he　was　not　to　live　to　describe；
  Clapperton's　perishing　of　fever　on　the　banks　of　the　great　lake；　in
  the　heart　of　the　same　continent；　which　was　afterwards　to　be
  rediscovered　and　described　by　other　explorers；　Franklin's
  perishing　in　the　snowit　might　be　after　he　had　solved　the　long…
  sought　problem　of　the　North…west　Passageare　among　the　most
  melancholy　events　in　the　history　of　enterprise　and　genius。
  The　case　of　Flinders　the　navigator；　who　suffered　a　six　years'
  imprisonment　in　the　Isle　of　France；　was　one　of　peculiar　hardship。
  In　1801；　he　set　sail　from　England　in　the　INVESTIGATOR；　on　a　voyage
  of　discovery　and　survey；　provided　with　a　French　pass；　requiring
  all　French　governors　（notwithstanding　that　England　and　France　were
  at　war）　to　give　him　protection　and　succour　in　the　sacred　name　of
  science。　　In　the　course　of　his　voyage　he　surveyed　great　part　of
  Australia；　Van　Diemen's　Land；　and　the　neighbouring　islands。　　The
  INVESTIGATOR；　being　found　leaky　and　rotten；　was　condemned；　and　the
  navigator　embarked　as　passenger　in　the　PORPOISE　for　England；　to
  lay　the　results　of　his　three　years'　labours　before　the　Admiralty。
  On　the　voyage　home　the　PORPOISE　was　wrecked　on　a　reef　in　the　South
  Seas；　and　Flinders；　with　part　of　the　crew；　in　an　open　boat；　made
  for　Port　Jackson；　which　they　safely　reached；　though　distant　from
  the　scene　of　the　wreck　not　less　than　750　miles。　　There　he　procured
  a　small　schooner；　the　CUMBERLAND；　no　larger　than　a　Gravesend
  sailing…boat；　and　returned　for　the　remainder　of　the　crew；　who　had
  been　left　on　the　reef。　　Having　rescued　them；　he　set　sail　for
  England；　making　for　the　Isle　of　France；　which　the　CUMBERLAND
  reached　in　a　sinking　condition；　being　a　wretched　little　craft
  badly　found。　　To　his　surprise；　he　was　made　a　prisoner　with　all　his
  crew；　and　thrown　into　prison；　where　he　was　treated　with　brutal
  harshness；　his　French　pass　proving　no　protection　to　him。　　What
  aggravated　the　horrors　of　Flinders'　confinement　was；　that　he　knew
  that　Baudin；　the　French　navigator；　whom　he　had　encountered　while
  making　his　survey　of　the　Australian　coasts；　would　reach　Europe
  first；　and　claim　the　merit　of　all　the　discoveries　he　had　made。　　It
  turned　out　as　he　had　expected；　and　while　Flinders　was　still
  imprisoned　in　the　Isle　of　France；　the　French　Atlas　of　the　new
  discoveries　was　published；　all　the　points　named　by　Flinders　and
  his　precursors　being　named　afresh。　　Flinders　was　at　length
  liberated；　after　six　years'　imprisonment；　his　health　completely
  broken；　but　he　continued　correcting　his　maps；　and　writing　out
  his　descriptions　to　the　last。　He　only　lived　long　enough　to
  correct　his　final　sheet　for　the　press；　and　died　on　the　very
  day　that　his　work　was　published！
  Courageous　men　have　often　turned　enforced　solitude　to　account　in
  executing　works　of　great　pith　and　moment。　　It　is　in　solitude　that
  the　passion　for　spiritual　perfection　best　nurses　itself。　　The　soul
  communes　with　itself　in　loneliness　until　its　energy　often　becomes
  intense。　　But　whether　a　man　profits　by　solitude　or　not　will　mainly
  depend　upon　his　own　temperament；　training；　and　character。　　While；
  in　a　large…natured　man；　solitude　will　make　the　pure　heart　purer；
  in　the　small…natured　man　it　will　only　serve　to　make　the　hard　heart
  still　harder：　for　though　solitude　may　be　the　nurse　of　great
  spirits；　it　is　the　torment　of　small　ones。
  It　was　in　prison　that　Boetius　wrote　his　'Consolations　of
  Philosophy；'　and　Grotius　his　'Commentary　on　St。　Matthew；'　regarded
  as　his　masterwork　in　Biblical　Criticism。　　Buchanan　composed　his
  beautiful　'Paraphrases　on　the　Psalms'　while　imprisoned　in　the　cell
  of　a　Portuguese　monastery。　　Campanella；　the　Italian　patriot　monk；
  suspected　of　treason；　was　immured　for　twenty…seven　years　in　a
  Neapolitan　dungeon；　during　which；　deprived　of　the　sun's　light；　he
  sought　higher　light；　and　there　created　his　'Civitas　Solis；'　which
  has　been　so　often　reprinted　and　reproduced　in　translations　in　most
  European　languages。　　During　his　thirteen　years'　imprisonment　in
  the　Tower；　Raleigh　wrote　his　'History　of　the　World；'　a　project　of
  vast　extent；　of　which　he　was　only　able　to　finish　the　first　five
  books。　　Luther　occupied　his　prison　hours　in　the　Castle　of　Wartburg
  in　translating　the　Bible；　and　in　writing　the　famous　tracts　and
  treatises