ise　superior　to　the　common　herdto　think　for　them；　to　toil　for　them；　whenever　there　be　need。
  〃At　this　very　moment　you　would　confer　a　great　boon　on　the　army；　if　you　made　it　your　business　to　appoint　generals　and　officers　to　fill　the　places　of　those　that　are　lost。　For　without　leaders　nothing　good　or　noble；　to　put　it　concisely；　was　ever　wrought　anywhere；　and　in　military　matters　this　is　absolutely　true；　for　if　discipline　is　held　to　be　of　saving　virtue；　the　want　of　it　has　been　the　ruin　of　many　ere　now。　Well；　then！　when　you　have　appointed　all　the　commanders　necessary；　it　would　only　be　opportune；　I　take　it；　if　you　were　to　summon　the　rest　of　the　soldiers　and　speak　some　words　of　encouragement。　Even　now；　I　daresay　you　noticed　yourselves　the　crestfallen　air　with　which　they　came　into　camp；　the　despondency　with　which　they　fell　to　picket　duty；　so　that；　unless　there　is　a　change　for　the　better；　I　do　not　know　for　what　service　they　will　be　fit；　whether　by　night；　if　need　were；　or　even　by　day。　The　thing　is　to　get　them　to　turn　their　thoughts　to　what　they　mean　to　do；　instead　of　to　what　they　are　likely　to　suffer。　Do　that；　and　their　spirits　will　soon　revive　wonderfully。　You　know；　I　need　hardly　remind　you；　it　is　not　numbers　or　strength　that　gives　victory　in　war；　but；　heaven　helping　them；　to　one　or　other　of　two　combatants　it　is　　　　　　　42　given　to　dash　with　stouter　hearts　to　meet　the　foe；　and　such　onset；　in　nine　cases　out　of　ten；　those　others　refuse　to　meet。　This　observation；　also；　I　have　laid　to　heart；　that　they；　who　in　matters　of　war　seek　in　all　ways　to　save　their　lives；　are　just　they　who；　as　a　rule；　die　dishonourably；　whereas　they　who；　recognising　that　death　is　the　common　lot　and　destiny　of　all　men；　strive　hard　to　die　nobly：　these　more　frequently；　as　I　observe；　do　after　all　attain　to　old　age；　or；　at　any　rate；　while　life　lasts；　they　spend　their　days　more　happily。　This　lesson　let　all　lay　to　heart　this　day；　for　we　are　just　at　such　a　crisis　of　our　fate。　Now　is　the　season　to　be　brave　ourselves；　and　to　stimulate　the　rest　by　our　example。〃
  With　these　words　he　ceased；　and　after　him；　Cheirisophus　said：　〃Xenophon；　hitherto　I　knew　only　so　much　of　you　as　that　you　were；　I　heard；　an　Athenian；　but　now　I　must　commend　you　for　your　words　and　for　your　conduct。　I　hope　that　there　may　be　many　more　like　you；　for　it　would　prove　a　public　blessing。〃　Then　turning　to　the　officers：　〃And　now；〃　said　he；　〃let　us　waste　no　time；　retire　at　once；　I　beg　you；　and　choose　leaders　where　you　need　them。　After　you　have　made　your　elections；　come　back　to　the　middle　of　the　camp；　and　bring　the　newly　appointed　officers。　After　that；　we　will　there　summon　a　general　meeting　of　the　soldiers。　Let　Tolmides；　the　herald；〃　he　added；　〃be　in　attendance。〃　With　these　words　on　his　lips　he　got　up；　in　order　that　what　was　needful　might　be　done　at　once　without　delay。　After　this　the　generals　were　chosen。　These　were　Timasion　the　Dardanian；　in　place　of　Clearchus；　Xanthicles；　an　Achaean；　in　place　of　Socrates；　Cleanor；　an　Arcadian；　in　place　of　Agias；　Philesius；　an　Achaean；　in　place　of　Menon；　and　in　place　of　Proxenus；　Xenophon　the　Athenian。
  II
  By　the　time　the　new　generals　had　been　chosen；　the　first　faint　glimmer　　　1　of　dawn　had　hardly　commenced；　as　they　met　in　the　centre　of　the　camp；　and　resolved　to　post　an　advance　guard　and　to　call　a　general　meeting　of　the　soldiers。　Now；　when　these　had　come　together；　Cheirisophus　the　Lacedaemonian　first　rose　and　spoke　as　follows：　〃Fellow…soldiers；　the　present　posture　of　affairs　is　not　pleasant；　seeing　that　we　are　robbed　of　so　many　generals　and　captains　and　soldiers；　and　more　than　that；　our　　2　former　allies；　Ariaeus　and　his　men；　have　betrayed　us；　still；　we　must　rise　above　our　circumstances　to　prove　ourselves　brave　men；　and　not　give　in；　but　try　to　save　ourselves　by　glorious　victory　if　we　can；　or；　if　not；　at　least　to　die　gloriously；　and　never；　while　we　have　breath　in　our　bodies；　fall　into　the　hands　of　our　enemies。　In　which　latter　case；　I　fear；　we　shall　suffer　things；　which　I　pray　the　gods　may　visit　rather　upon　those　we　hate。〃
  At　this　point　Cleanor　the　Ochomenian　stood　up　and　spoke　as　follows：　〃You　see；　men；　the　perjury　and　the　impiety　of　the　king。　You　see　the　faithlessness　of　Tissaphernes；　professing　that　he　was　next…door　neighbour　to　Hellas；　and　would　give　a　good　deal　to　save　us；　in　confirmation　of　which　he　took　an　oath　to　us　himself；　he　gave　us　the　pledge　of　his　right　hand；　and　then；　with　a　lie　upon　his　lips；　this　same　man　turned　round　and　arrested　our　generals。　He　had　no　reverence　even　for　Zeus；　the　god　of　strangers；　but；　after　entertaining　Clearchus　at　his　own　board　as　a　friend；　he　used　his　hospitality　to　delude　and　decoy　his　victims。　And　Ariaeus；　whom　we　offered　to　make　king；　with　whom　we　exchanged　pledges　not　to　betray　each　other；　even　this　man；　without　a　particle　of　fear　of　the　gods；　or　respect　for　Cyrus　in　his　grave；　though　he　was　most　honoured　by　Cyrus　in　lifetime；　even　he　has　turned　aside　to　the　worst　foes　of　Cyrus；　and　is　doing　his　best　to　injure　the　dead　man's　friends。　Them　may　the　gods　requite　as　they　deserve！　But　we；　with　these　things　before　our　eyes；　will　not　any　more　be　cheated　and　cajoled　by　them；　we　will　make　the　best　fight　we　can；　and　having　made　it；　whatever　the　gods　think　fit　to　send；　we　will　accept。〃
  After　him　Xenophon　arose；　he　was　arrayed　for　war　in　his　bravest　apparel＇1＇：　〃For；〃　said　he　to　himself；　〃if　the　gods　grant　victory；　the　finest　attire　will　match　with　victory　best；　or　if　I　must　needs　die；　then　for　one　who　has　aspired　to　the　noblest；　it　is　well　there　should　be　some　outward　correspondence　between　his　expectation　and　his　end。〃　He　began　his　speech　as　follows：　〃Cleanor　has　spoken　of　the　perjury　and　　8　faithlessness　of　the　barbarians；　and　you　yourselves　know　them　only　too　well；　I　fancy。　If　then　we　are　minded　to　enter　a　second　time　into　terms　of　friendship　with　them；　with　the　experience　of　what　our　generals；　who　in　all　confidence　entrusted　themselves　to　their　power；　have　suffered；　reason　would　we　should　feel　deep　despondency。　If；　on　the　other　hand；　we　purpose　to　take　our　good　swords　in　our　hands　and　to　inflict　punishment　on　them　for　what　they　have　done；　and　from　this　time　forward　will　be　on　terms　of　downright　war　with　them；　then；　God　helping；　we　have　many　a　bright　hope　of　safety。〃　The　words　were　scarcely　spoken　when　someone　sneezed＇2＇；　and　with　one　impulse　the　soldiers　bowed　in　worship；　and　Xenophon　proceeded：　〃I　propose；　sirs；　since；　even　as　we　spoke　of　safety；　an　omen　from　Zeus　the　Saviour　has　appeared；　we　vow　a　vow　to　sacrifice　to　the　Saviour　thank…offerings　for　safe　deliverance；　wheresoever　first　we　reach　a　friendly　country；　and　let　us　couple　with　that　vow　another　of　individual　assent；　that　we　will　offer　to　the　rest　of　the　gods　'according　to　our　ability。'　Let　all　those　who　are　in　favour　of　this　proposal　hold　up　their　hands。〃　They　all　held　up　their　hands；　and　there　and　then　they　vowed　a　vow　and　chanted　the　battle　hymn。　But　as　soon　as　these　sacred　matters　were　duly　ended；　he　began　once　more　thus：　〃I　was　saying　that　many　and　bright　are　the　hopes　we　have　of　safety。　First　of　all；　we　it　is　who　confirm　and　ratify　the　oaths　we　take　by　heaven；　but　our　enemies　have　taken　false　oaths　and　broken　the　truce；　contrary　to　their　solemn　word。　This　being　so；　it　is　but　natural　that　the　gods　should　be　opposed　to　our　enemies；　but　with　ourselves　allied；　the　gods；　who　are　able　to　make　the　great　ones　quickly　small；　and　out　of　sore　perplexity　can　save　the　little　ones　with　ease；　what　time　it　pleases　them。　In　the　next　place；　let　me　recall　to　your　minds　the　dangers　of　our　own　forefathers；　that　you　may　see　and　　11　know　that　bravery　is　your　heirloom；　and　that　by　the　aid　of　the　gods　brave　men　are　rescued　even　out　of　the　midst　of　sorest　straits。　So　was　it　when　the　Persians　came；　and　their　attendant　hosts＇3＇；　with　a　very　great　armament；　to　wipe　out　Athens　from　the　face　of　the　earththe　men　of　Athens　had　the　heart　to　withstand　them　and　conquered　them。　Then　they　vowed　to　Artemis　that　for　every　man　they　slew　of　the　enemy；　they　would　sacrifice　to　the　goddess　goats　so　many；　and　when　they　could　not　find　sufficient　for　the　slain；　they　resolved　to　offer　yearly　five　hundred；　and　to　this　day　they　perform　that　sacrifice。　And　at　a　somewhat　later　date；　when　Xerxes　assembled　his　countless　hosts　and　marched　upon　Hellas；　then＇4＇　too　our　fathers　conquered　the　forefathers　of　our　foes　by　land　and　by　sea。
  ＇1＇　So　it　is　said　of　the　Russian　General　Skobelef；　that　he　had　a　　　　　strange　custom　of　going　into　battle　in　his　cleanest　uniform；　　　　　perfurmed；　and　wearing　a　diamond…hilted　sword；　〃in　order　that；〃　as　　　　　he　said；　〃he　might　die　in　his　best　attire。〃
  ＇2＇　For　this　ancient　omen　see　〃Odyssey；〃　xvii。　541：　〃Even　as　she　　　　　spake；　and　Telemachus　sneezed　loudly；　and　around　the　roof　rung　　　　　wondrously。　And　Penelope　laughed。〃　。　。　。　〃Dost　thou　not　mark　how　　　　　my　son　has　sneezed　a　blessing　on　all　my　words？〃
  ＇3＇　See　Herod。　vi。　114；　the　allusion　is　to　the　invasion　of　Greeze　by　　　　　Datis　and　Artaphernes；　and　to　their　defeat　at　Marathon；　B。C。　490。　　　　　〃Heredotus　estimates　the　number　of　those　who　fell　on　the　Persian　　　　　side　at　6400　men：　the　number　of　Athenian　dead　is　accurately　known；　　　　　since　all　were　collected　for　the　last　solemn　obsequiesthey　were　　　　　192。〃Grote；　〃Hist。　of　Greece；〃　vol。　v。　p。　475。
  ＇4＇　Then　=