himself　or　fear　in　the　soldiers　under　him。　Indeed；　he　showed　a　more　delicate　regard　for　his　soldiers　than　his　subordinates　for　him；　and　he　was　indisputably　more　apprehensive　of　incurring　their　hatred　than　they　were　of　losing　their　fidelity。　The　one　thing　needful　to　real　and　recognised　generalship　was；　he　thought；　to　praise　the　virtuous　and　to　withhold　praise　from　the　evildoer。　It　can　be　easily　understood；　then；　that　of　those　who　were　brought　in　contact　with　him；　the　good　and　noble　indeed　were　his　well…wishers；　but　he　laid　himself　open　to　the　machinations　of　the　base；　who　looked　upon　him　as　a　person　to　be　dealt　with　as　they　liked。　At　the　time　of　his　death　he　was　only　thirty　years　of　age。
  ＇1＇　The　famous　rhetorician　of　Leontini；　485…380　B。C。　His　fee　was　100　　　　　minae。
  ＇2＇　Proxenus；　like　Cyrus；　is　to　some　extent　a　prototype　of　the　Cyrus　　　　　of　the　〃Cyropaedia。〃　In　other　words；　the　author；　in　delineating　　　　　the　portrait　of　his　ideal　prince；　drew　from　the　recollection　of　　　　　many　princely　qualities　observed　by　him　in　the　characters　of　many　　　　　friends。　Apart　from　the　intrinsic　charm　of　the　story；　the　　　　　〃Anabasis〃　is　interesting　as　containing　the　raw　material　of　　　　　experience　and　reflection　which　〃this　young　scholar　or　　　　　philosopher；〃　our　friend；　the　author；　will　one　day　turn　to　　　　　literary　account。
  As　to　Menon　the　Thessalian＇3＇；　the　mainspring　of　his　action　was　obvious；　what　he　sought　after　insatiably　was　wealth。　Rule　he　sought　after　only　as　a　stepping…stone　to　larger　spoils。　Honours　and　high　estate　he　craved　for　simply　that　he　might　extend　the　area　of　his　gains；　and　if　he　studied　to　be　on　friendly　terms　with　the　powerful；　it　was　in　order　that　he　might　commit　wrong　with　impunity。　The　shortest　road　to　the　achievement　of　his　desires　lay；　he　thought；　through　false　swearing；　lying；　and　cheating；　for　in　his　vocabulary　simplicity　and　truth　were　synonyms　of　folly。　Natural　affection　he　clearly　entertained　for　nobody。　If　he　called　a　man　his　friend　it　might　be　looked　upon　as　　　　23　certain　that　he　was　bent　on　ensnaring　him。　Laughter　at　an　enemy　he　considered　out　of　place；　but　his　whole　conversation　turned　upon　the　ridicule　of　his　associates。　In　like　manner；　the　possessions　of　his　foes　were　secure　from　his　designs；　since　it　was　no　easy　task；　he　thought；　to　steal　from　people　on　their　guard；　but　it　was　his　particular　good　fortune　to　have　discovered　how　easy　it　is　to　rob　a　friend　in　the　midst　of　his　security。　If　it　were　a　perjured　person　or　a　wrongdoer；　he　dreaded　him　as　well　armed　and　intrenched；　but　the　honourable　and　the　truth…loving　he　tried　to　practise　on；　regarding　them　as　weaklings　devoid　of　manhood。　And　as　other　men　pride　themselves　on　piety　and　truth　and　righteousness；　so　Menon　prided　himself　on　a　capacity　for　fraud；　on　the　fabrication　of　lies；　on　the　mockery　and　scorn　of　friends。　The　man　who　was　not　a　rogue　he　ever　looked　upon　as　only　half　educated。　Did　he　aspire　to　the　first　place　in　another　man's　friendship；　he　set　about　his　object　by　slandering　those　who　stood　nearest　to　him　in　affection。　He　contrived　to　secure　the　obedience　of　his　solders　by　making　himself　an　accomplice　in　their　misdeeds；　and　the　fluency　with　which　he　vaunted　his　own　capacity　and　readiness　for　enormous　guilt　was　a　sufficient　title　to　be　honoured　and　courted　by　them。　Or　if　any　one　stood　aloof　from　him；　he　set　it　down　as　a　meritorious　act　of　kindness　on　his　part　that　during　their　intercourse　he　had　not　robbed　him　of　existence。
  ＇3＇　For　a　less　repulsive　conception　of　Menon's　character；　however　　　　　unhistorical；　see　Plato's　〃Meno；〃　and　Prof。　Jowlett's　　　　　Introduction；　〃Plato；〃　vol。　i。　p。　265：　〃He　is　a　Thessalian　　　　　Alcibiades；　rich　and　luxuriousa　spoilt　child　of　fortune。〃
  As　to　certain　obscure　charges　brought　against　his　character；　these　may　certainly　be　fabrications。　I　confine　myself　to　the　following　facts；　which　are　known　to　all。　He　was　in　the　bloom　of　youth　when　he　procured　from　Aristippus　the　command　of　his　mercenaries；　he　had　not　yet　lost　that　bloom　when　he　became　exceedingly　intimate　with　Ariaeus；　a　barbarian；　whose　liking　for　fair　young　men　was　the　explanation；　and　before　he　had　grown　a　beard　himself；　he　had　contracted　a　similar　relationship　with　a　bearded　favourite　named　Tharypas。　When　his　fellow…generals　were　put　to　death　on　the　plea　that　they　had　marched　with　Cyrus　against　the　king；　he　alone；　although　he　had　shared　their　conduct；　was　exempted　from　their　fate。　But　after　their　deaths　the　vengeance　of　the　king　fell　upon　him；　and　he　was　put　to　death；　not　like　　29　Clearchus　and　the　others　by　what　would　appear　to　be　the　speediest　of　deathsdecapitationbut；　as　report　says；　he　lived　for　a　year　in　pain　and　disgrace　and　died　the　death　of　a　felon。
  Agias　the　Arcadian　and　Socrates　the　Achaean　were　both　among　the　sufferers　who　were　put　to　death。　To　the　credit；　be　it　said；　of　both；　no　one　ever　derided　either　as　cowardly　in　war：　no　one　ever　had　a　fault　to　find　with　either　on　the　score　of　friendship。　They　were　both　about　thirty…five　years　of　age。
  BOOK　III
  ＇In　the　preceding　pages　of　the　narrative　will　be　found　a　full　account；　not　only　of　the　doings　of　the　Hellenes　during　the　advance　of　Cyrus　till　the　date　of　the　battle；　but　of　the　inci…　dents　which　befell　them　after　Cyrus'　death　at　the　commencement　of　the　retreat；　while　in　company　with　Tissaphernes　during　the　truce。＇
  I
  After　the　generals　had　been　seized；　and　the　captains　and　soldiers　who　　　1　formed　their　escort　had　been　killed；　the　Hellenes　lay　in　deep　perplexitya　prey　to　painful　reflections。　Here　were　they　at　the　king's　gates；　and　on　every　side　environing　them　were　many　hostile　cities　and　tribes　of　men。　Who　was　there　now　to　furnish　them　with　a　market？　Separated　from　Hellas　by　more　than　a　thousand　miles；　they　had　not　even　a　guide　to　point　the　way。　Impassable　rivers　lay　athwart　their　homeward　route；　and　hemmed　them　in。　Betrayed　even　by　the　Asiatics；　at　whose　side　they　had　marched　with　Cyrus　to　the　attack；　they　were　left　in　isolation。　Without　a　single　mounted　trooper　to　aid　them　in　pursuit：　was　it　not　perfectly　plain　that　if　they　won　a　battle；　their　enemies　would　escape　to　a　man；　but　if　they　were　beaten　themselves；　not　one　soul　of　them　would　survive？
  Haunted　by　such　thoughts；　and　with　hearts　full　of　despair；　but　few　of　them　tasted　food　that　evening；　but　few　of　them　kindled　even　a　fire；　and　many　never　came　into　camp　at　all　that　night；　but　took　their　rest　where　each　chanced　to　be。　They　could　not　close　their　eyes　for　very　pain　and　yearning　after　their　fatherlands　or　their　parents；　the　wife　or　child　whom　they　never　expected　to　look　upon　again。　Such　was　the　plight　in　which　each　and　all　tried　to　seek　repose。
  Now　there　was　in　that　host　a　certain　man；　an　Athenian＇1＇；　Xenophon；　who　had　accompanied　Cyrus；　neither　as　a　general；　nor　as　an　officer；　nor　yet　as　a　private　soldier；　but　simply　on　the　invitation　of　an　old　friend；　Proxenus。　This　old　friend　had　sent　to　fetch　him　from　home；　promising；　if　he　would　come；　to　introduce　him　to　Cyrus；　〃whom；〃　said　Proxenus；　〃I　consider　to　be　worth　my　fatherland　and　more　to　me。〃
  ＇1＇　The　reader　should　turn　to　Grote's　comments　on　the　first　appearance　　　　　of　Xenophon。　He　has　been　mentioned　before；　of　course；　more　than　　　　　once　before；　but　he　now　steps；　as　the　protagonist；　upon　the　scene；　　　　　and　as　Grote　says：　〃It　is　in　true　Homeric　vein；　and　in　something　　　　　like　Homeric　language；　that　Xenophon　（to　whom　we　owe　the　whole　　　　　narrative　of　the　expedition）　describes　his　dream；　or　the　　　　　intervention　of　Oneiros；　sent　by　Zeus；　from　which　this　renovating　　　　　impulse　took　its　rise。〃
  Xenophon　having　read　the　letter；　consulted　Socrates　the　Athenian；　whether　he　should　accept　or　refuse　the　invitation。　Socrates；　who　had　a　suspicion　that　the　State　of　Athens　might　in　some　way　look　askance　at　my　friendship　with　Cyrus；　whose　zealous　co…operation　with　the　Lacedaemonians　against　Athens　in　the　war　was　not　forgotten；　advised　Xenophon　to　go　to　Delphi　and　there　to　consult　the　god　as　to　the　desirability　of　such　a　journey。　Xenophon　went　and　put　the　question　to　Apollo；　to　which　of　the　gods　he　must　pray　and　do　sacrifice；　so　that　he　might　best　accomplish　his　intended　journey　and　return　in　safety；　with　good　fortune。　Then　Apollo　answered　him：　〃To　such　and　such　gods　must　thou　do　sacrifice；〃　and　when　he　had　returned　home　he　reported　to　Socrates　the　oracle。　But　he；　when　he　heard；　blamed　Xenophon　that　he　had　not；　in　the　first　instance；　inquired　of　the　god；　whether　it　were　better　for　him　to　go　or　to　stay；　but　had　taken　on　himself　to　settle　that　point　affirmatively；　by　inquiring　straightway；　how　he　might　best　　　7　perform　the　journey。　〃Since；　however；〃　continued　Socrates；　〃you　did　so　put　the　question；　you　should　do　what　the　god　enjoined。〃　Thus；　and　without　further　ado；　Xenophon　offered　sacrifice　to　those　whom　the　god　had　named；　and　set　sail　on　his　voyage。　He　overtook　Proxenus　and　Cyrus　at　Sardis；　when　they　were　just　ready　to　start　on　the　march　up　country；　and　was　at　once　introduced　to　Cyrus。　Proxenus　eagerly　pressed　him　to　stopa　request　which　Cyrus　with　like　ardour　supported；　adding　that　as　soon　as　the　campaign　was　over　he　would　send　him　home。　The　campaign　referred　to　was　understood　to　be　against　the　Pisidians。　That　is　how　Xenophon　came　to　join　the　expedition；　deceived　indeed；　though　not　by　Proxenus；　w