it　to　the　north　and　south；　without　a　glow　passing　through　our
  hearts；　as　we　remember　the　terrible　and　glorious　pageant　which
  passed　by　in　the　glorious　July　days　of　1588；　when　the　Spanish
  Armada　ventured　slowly　past　Berry　Head；　with　Elizabeth's　gallant
  pack　of　Devon　captains　（for　the　London　fleet　had　not　yet　joined）
  following　fast　in　its　wake；　and　dashing　into　the　midst　of　the　vast
  line；　undismayed　by　size　and　numbers；　while　their　kin　and　friends
  stood　watching　and　praying　on　the　cliffs；　spectators　of　Britain's
  Salamis。　　The　white　line　of　houses；　too；　on　the　other　side　of　the
  bay；　is　Brixham；　famed　as　the　landing…place　of　William　of　Orange；
  the　stone　on　the　pier…head；　which　marks　his　first　footsteps　on
  British　ground；　is　sacred　in　the　eyes　of　all　true　English　Whigs；
  and　close　by　stands　the　castle　of　the　settler　of　Newfoundland；　Sir
  Humphrey　Gilbert；　Raleigh's　half…brother；　most　learned　of　all
  Elizabeth's　admirals　in　life；　most　pious　and　heroic　in　death。　　And
  as　for　scenery；　though　it　can　boast　of　neither　mountain　peak　nor
  dark　fiord；　and　would　seem　tame　enough　in　the　eyes　of　a　western
  Scot　or　Irishman；　yet　Torbay　surely　has　a　soft　beauty　of　its　own。
  The　rounded　hills　slope　gently　to　the　sea；　spotted　with　squares　of
  emerald　grass；　and　rich　red　fallow　fields；　and　parks　full　of
  stately　timber　trees。　　Long　lines　of　tall　elms　run　down　to　the　very
  water's　edge；　their　boughs　unwarped　by　any　blast；　here　and　there
  apple　orchards　are　bending　under　their　loads　of　fruit；　and　narrow
  strips　of　water…meadow　line　the　glens；　where　the　red　cattle　are
  already　lounging　in　richest　pastures；　within　ten　yards　of　the　rocky
  pebble　beach。　　The　shore　is　silent　now；　the　tide　far　out：　　but　six
  hours　hence　it　will　be　hurling　columns　of　rosy　foam　high　into　the
  sunlight；　and　sprinkling　passengers；　and　cattle；　and　trim　gardens
  which　hardly　know　what　frost　and　snow　may　be；　but　see　the　flowers
  of　autumn　meet　the　flowers　of　spring；　and　the　old　year　linger
  smilingly　to　twine　a　garland　for　the　new。
  No　wonder　that　such　a　spot　as　Torquay；　with　its　delicious　Italian
  climate；　and　endless　variety　of　rich　woodland；　flowery　lawn；
  fantastic　rock…cavern；　and　broad　bright　tide…sand；　sheltered　from
  every　wind　of　heaven　except　the　soft　south…east；　should　have　become
  a　favourite　haunt；　not　only　for　invalids；　but　for　naturalists。
  Indeed；　it　may　well　claim　the　honour　of　being　the　original　home　of
  marine　zoology　and　botany　in　England；　as　the　Firth　of　Forth；　under
  the　auspices　of　Sir　J。　G。　Dalyell；　has　been　for　Scotland。　　For　here
  worked　Montagu；　Turton；　and　Mrs。　Griffith；　to　whose　extraordinary
  powers　of　research　English　marine　botany　almost　owes　its　existence；
  and　who　survived　to　an　age　long　beyond　the　natural　term　of　man；　to
  see；　in　her　cheerful　and　honoured　old　age；　that　knowledge　become
  popular　and　general　which　she　pursued　for　many　a　year　unassisted
  and　alone。　　Here；　too；　the　scientific　succession　is　still
  maintained　by　Mr。　Pengelly　and　Mr。　Gosse；　the　latter　of　whom　by　his
  delightful　and；　happily；　well…known　books　has　done　more　for　the
  study　of　marine　zoology　than　any　other　living　man。　　Torbay；
  moreover；　from　the　variety　of　its　rocks；　aspects；　and　sea…floors；
  where　limestones　alternate　with　traps；　and　traps　with　slates；　while
  at　the　valley…mouth　the　soft　sandstones　and　hard　conglomerates　of
  the　new　red　series　slope　down　into　the　tepid　and　shallow　waves；
  affords　an　abundance　and　variety　of　animal　and　vegetable　life；
  unequalled；　perhaps；　in　any　other　part　of　Great　Britain。　　It　cannot
  boast；　certainly；　of　those　strange　deep…sea　forms　which　Messrs。
  Alder；　Goodsir；　and　Laskey　dredge　among　the　lochs　of　the　western
  Highlands；　and　the　sub…marine　mountain　glens　of　the　Zetland　sea；
  but　it　has　its　own　varieties；　its　own　ever…fresh　novelties：　　and　in
  spite　of　all　the　research　which　has　been　lavished　on　its　shores；　a
  naturalist　cannot；　I　suspect；　work　there　for　a　winter　without
  discovering　forms　new　to　science；　or　meeting　with　curiosities　which
  have　escaped　all　observers；　since　the　lynx　eye　of　Montagu　espied
  them　full　fifty　years　ago。
  Follow　us；　then；　reader；　in　imagination；　out　of　the　gay　watering…
  place；　with　its　London　shops　and　London　equipages；　along　the　broad
  road　beneath　the　sunny　limestone　cliff；　tufted　with　golden　furze；
  past　the　huge　oaks　and　green　slopes　of　Tor　Abbey；　and　past　the
  fantastic　rocks　of　Livermead；　scooped　by　the　waves　into　a　labyrinth
  of　double　and　triple　caves；　like　Hindoo　temples；　upborne　on　pillars
  banded　with　yellow　and　white　and　red；　a　week's　study；　in　form　and
  colour　and　chiaro…oscuro；　for　any　artist；　and　a　mile　or　so　further
  along　a　pleasant　road；　with　land…locked　glimpses　of　the　bay；　to　the
  broad　sheet　of　sand　which　lies　between　the　village　of　Paignton　and
  the　sea　…　sands　trodden　a　hundred　times　by　Montagu　and　Turton；
  perhaps；　by　Dillwyn　and　Gaertner；　and　many　another　pioneer　of
  science。　　And　once　there；　before　we　look　at　anything　else；　come
  down　straight　to　the　sea　marge；　for　yonder　lies；　just　left　by　the
  retiring　tide；　a　mass　of　life　such　as　you　will　seldom　see　again。
  It　is　somewhat　ugly；　perhaps；　at　first　sight；　for　ankle…deep　are
  spread；　for　some　ten　yards　long　by　five　broad；　huge　dirty　bivalve
  shells；　as　large　as　the　hand；　each　with　its　loathly　grey　and　black
  siphons　hanging　out；　a　confused　mass　of　slimy　death。　　Let　us　walk
  on　to　some　cleaner　heap；　and　leave　these；　the　great　Lutraria
  Elliptica；　which　have　been　lying　buried　by　thousands　in　the　sandy
  mud；　each　with　the　point　of　its　long　siphon　above　the　surface；
  sucking　in　and　driving　out　again　the　salt　water　on　which　it　feeds；
  till　last　night's　ground…swell　shifted　the　sea…bottom；　and　drove
  them　up　hither　to　perish　helpless；　but　not　useless；　on　the　beach。
  See；　close　by　is　another　shell　bed；　quite　as　large；　but　comely
  enough　to　please　any　eye。　　What　a　variety　of　forms　and　colours　are
  there；　amid　the　purple　and　olive　wreaths　of　wrack；　and　bladder…
  weed；　and　tangle　（ore…weed；　as　they　call　it　in　the　south）；　and　the
  delicate　green　ribbons　of　the　Zostera　（the　only　English　flowering
  plant　which　grows　beneath　the　sea）。　　What　are　they　all？　　What　are
  the　long　white　razors？　　What　are　the　delicate　green…grey　scimitars？
  What　are　the　tapering　brown　spires？　　What　the　tufts　of　delicate
  yellow　plants　like　squirrels'　tails；　and　lobsters'　horns；　and
  tamarisks；　and　fir…trees；　and　all　other　finely　cut　animal　and
  vegetable　forms？　　What　are　the　groups　of　grey　bladders；　with
  something　like　a　little　bud　at　the　tip？　　What　are　the　hundreds　of
  little　pink…striped　pears？　　What　those　tiny　babies'　heads；　covered
  with　grey　prickles　instead　of　hair？　　The　great　red　star…fish；　which
  Ulster　children　call　〃the　bad　man's　hands；〃　and　the　great　whelks；
  which　the　youth　of　Musselburgh　know　as　roaring　buckies；　these　we
  have　seen　before；　but　what；　oh　what；　are　the　red　capsicums？　…
  Yes；　what　are　the　red　capsicums？　and　why　are　they　poking；　snapping；
  starting；　crawling；　tumbling　wildly　over　each　other；　rattling　about
  the　huge　mahogany　cockles；　as　big　as　a　child's　two　fists；　out　of
  which　they　are　protruded？　　Mark　them　well；　for　you　will　perhaps
  never　see　them　again。　　They　are　a　Mediterranean　species；　or　rather
  three　species；　left　behind　upon　these　extreme　south…western　coasts；
  probably　at　the　vanishing　of　that　warmer　ancient　epoch；　which
  clothed　the　Lizard　Point　with　the　Cornish　heath；　and　the　Killarney
  mountains　with　Spanish　saxifrages；　and　other　relics　of　a　flora
  whose　home　is　now　the　Iberian　peninsula　and　the　sunny　cliffs　of　the
  Riviera。　　Rare　on　every　other　shore；　even　in　the　west；　it　abounds
  in　Torbay　at　certain；　or　rather　uncertain；　times；　to　so　prodigious
  an　amount；　that　the　dredge；　after　five　minutes'　scrape；　will
  sometimes　come　up　choked　full　of　this　great　cockle　only。　　You　will
  see　hundreds　of　them　in　every　cove　for　miles　this　day；　a　seeming
  waste　of　life；　which　would　be　awful；　in　our　eyes；　were　not　the
  Divine　Ruler；　as　His　custom　is；　making　this　destruction　the　means
  of　fresh　creation；　by　burying　them　in　the　sands；　as　soon　as　washed
  on　shore；　to　fertilize　the　strata　of　some　future　world。　　It　is　but
  a　shell…fish　truly；　but　the　great　Cuvier　thought　it　remarkable
  enough　to　devote　to　its　anatomy　elaborate　descriptions　and
  drawings；　which　have　done　more　perhaps　than　any　others　to
  illustrate　the　curious　economy　of　the　whole　class　of　bivalve；　or
  double…shelled；　mollusca。　　（Plate　II。　Fig。　3。）
  That　red　capsicum　is　the　foot　of　the　animal　contained　in　the
  cockleshell。　　By　its　aid　it　crawls；　leaps；　and　burrows　in　the　sand；
  where　it　lies　drinking　in　the　salt　water　through　one　of　its
  siphons；　and　discharging　it　again　through　the　other。　　Put　the　shell
  into　a　rock　pool；　or　a　basin　of　water；　and　you　will　see　the　siphons
  clearly。　　The　valves　gape　apart　some　three…quarters　of　an　inch。
  The　semi…pellucid　orange　〃mantle〃　f