training；　men　whose　bodies　were　developed；　and　their　lungs　fed　on
  pure　breezes；　long　before　they　brought　to　work　in　the　city　the
  bodily　and　mental　strength　which　they　had　gained　by　loch　and　moor。
  But　it　is　not　so　with　their　sons。　　Their　business　habits　are　learnt
  in　the　counting…house；　a　good　school；　doubtless；　as　far　as　it　goes：
  but　one　which　will　expand　none　but　the　lowest　intellectual
  faculties；　which　will　make　them　accurate　accountants；　shrewd
  computers　and　competitors；　but　never　the　originators　of　daring
  schemes；　men　able　and　willing　to　go　forth　to　replenish　the　earth
  and　subdue　it。　　And　in　the　hours　of　relaxation；　how　much　of　their
  time　is　thrown　away；　for　want　of　anything　better；　on　frivolity；　not
  to　say　on　secret　profligacy；　parents　know　too　well；　and　often　shut
  their　eyes　in　very　despair　to　evils　which　they　know　not　how　to
  cure。　　A　frightful　majority　of　our　middle…class　young　men　are
  growing　up　effeminate；　empty　of　all　knowledge　but　what　tends
  directly　to　the　making　of　a　fortune；　or　rather；　to　speak　correctly；
  to　the　keeping　up　the　fortunes　which　their　fathers　have　made　for
  them；　while　of　the　minority；　who　are　indeed　thinkers　and　readers；
  how　many　women　as　well　as　men　have　we　seen　wearying　their　souls
  with　study　undirected；　often　misdirected；　craving　to　learn；　yet　not
  knowing　how　or　what　to　learn；　cultivating；　with　unwholesome　energy；
  the　head　at　the　expense　of　the　body　and　the　heart；　catching　up　with
  the　most　capricious　self…will　one　mania　after　another；　and　tossing
  it　away　again　for　some　new　phantom；　gorging　the　memory　with　facts
  which　no　one　has　taught　them　to　arrange；　and　the　reason　with
  problems　which　they　have　no　method　for　solving；　till　they　fret
  themselves　in　a　chronic　fever　of　the　brain；　which　too　often　urge
  them　on　to　plunge；　as　it　were；　to　cool　the　inward　fire；　into　the
  ever…restless　seas　of　doubt　or　of　superstition。　　It　is　a　sad
  picture。　　There　are　many　who　may　read　these　pages　whose　hearts　will
  tell　them　that　it　is　a　true　one。　　What　is　wanted　in　these　cases　is
  a　methodic　and　scientific　habit　of　mind；　and　a　class　of　objects　on
  which　to　exercise　that　habit；　which　will　fever　neither　the
  speculative　intellect　nor　the　moral　sense；　and　those　physical
  science　will　give；　as　nothing　else　can　give　it。
  Moreover；　to　revert　to　another　point　which　we　touched　just　now；　man
  has　a　body　as　well　as　a　mind；　and　with　the　vast　majority　there　will
  be　no　MENS　SANA　unless　there　be　a　CORPUS　SANUM　for　it　to　inhabit。
  And　what　outdoor　training　to　give　our　youths　is；　as　we　have　already
  said；　more　than　ever　puzzling。　　This　difficulty　is　felt；　perhaps；
  less　in　Scotland　than　in　England。　　The　Scotch　climate　compels
  hardiness；　the　Scotch　bodily　strength　makes　it　easy；　and　Scotland；
  with　her　mountain…tours　in　summer；　and　her　frozen　lochs　in　winter；
  her　labyrinth　of　sea…shore；　and；　above　all；　that　priceless　boon
  which　Providence　has　bestowed　on　her；　in　the　contiguity　of　her
  great　cities　to　the　loveliest　scenery；　and　the　hills　where　every
  breeze　is　health；　affords　facilities　for　healthy　physical　life
  unknown　to　the　Englishman；　who　has　no　Arthur's　Seat　towering　above
  his　London；　no　Western　Islands　sporting　the　ocean　firths　beside　his
  Manchester。　　Field　sports；　with　the　invaluable　training　which　they
  give；　if　not
  〃The　reason　firm；〃
  yet　still
  〃The　temperate　will；
  Endurance；　foresight；　strength；　and　skill；〃
  have　become　impossible　for　the　greater　number：　　and　athletic
  exercises　are　now；　in　England　at　least；　becoming　more　and　more
  artificialized　and　expensive；　and　are　confined　more　and　more　…　with
  the　honourable　exception　of　the　football　games　in　Battersea　Park　…
  to　our　Public　Schools　and　the　two　elder　Universities。　　All　honour；
  meanwhile；　to　the　Volunteer　movement；　and　its　moral　as　well　as　its
  physical　effects。　　But　it　is　only　a　comparatively　few　of　the　very
  sturdiest　who　are　likely　to　become　effective　Volunteers；　and　so
  really　gain　the　benefits　of　learning　to　be　soldiers。　　And　yet　the
  young　man　who　has　had　no　substitute　for　such　occupations　will　cut
  but　a　sorry　figure　in　Australia；　Canada；　or　India；　and　if　he　stays
  at　home；　will　spend　many　a　pound　in　doctors'　bills；　which　could
  have　been　better　employed　elsewhere。　　〃Taking　a　walk〃　…　as　one
  would　take　a　pill　or　a　draught　…　seems　likely　soon　to　become　the
  only　form　of　outdoor　existence　possible　for　too　many　inhabitants　of
  the　British　Isles。　　But　a　walk　without　an　object；　unless　in　the
  most　lovely　and　novel　of　scenery；　is　a　poor　exercise；　and　as　a
  recreation；　utterly　nil。　　I　never　knew　two　young　lads　go　out　for　a
  〃constitutional；〃　who　did　not；　if　they　were　commonplace　youths；
  gossip　the　whole　way　about　things　better　left　unspoken；　or；　if　they
  were　clever　ones；　fall　on　arguing　and　brainsbeating　on　politics　or
  metaphysics　from　the　moment　they　left　the　door；　and　return　with
  their　wits　even　more　heated　and　tired　than　they　were　when　they　set
  out。　　I　cannot　help　fancying　that　Milton　made　a　mistake　in　a
  certain　celebrated　passage；　and　that　it　was　not　〃sitting　on　a　hill
  apart；〃　but　tramping　four　miles　out　and　four　miles　in　along　a
  turnpike…road；　that　his　hapless　spirits　discoursed
  〃Of　fate；　free…will；　foreknowledge　absolute；
  And　found　no　end；　in　wandering　mazes　lost。〃
  Seriously；　if　we　wish　rural　walks　to　do　our　children　any　good；　we
  must　give　them　a　love　for　rural　sights；　an　object　in　every　walk；　we
  must　teach　them　…　and　we　can　teach　them　…　to　find　wonder　in　every
  insect；　sublimity　in　every　hedgerow；　the　records　of　past　worlds　in
  every　pebble；　and　boundless　fertility　upon　the　barren　shore；　and
  so；　by　teaching　them　to　make　full　use　of　that　limited　sphere　in
  which　they　now　are；　make　them　faithful　in　a　few　things；　that　they
  may　be　fit　hereafter　to　be　rulers　over　much。
  I　may　seem　to　exaggerate　the　advantages　of　such　studies；　but　the
  question　after　all　is　one　of　experience：　　and　I　have　had　experience
  enough　and　to　spare　that　what　I　say　is　true。　　I　have　seen　the　young
  man　of　fierce　passions；　and　uncontrollable　daring；　expend　healthily
  that　energy　which　threatened　daily　to　plunge　him　into　recklessness；
  if　not　into　sin；　upon　hunting　out　and　collecting；　through　rock　and
  bog；　snow　and　tempest；　every　bird　and　egg　of　the　neighbouring
  forest。　　I　have　seen　the　cultivated　man；　craving　for　travel　and　for
  success　in　life；　pent　up　in　the　drudgery　of　London　work；　and　yet
  keeping　his　spirit　calm；　and　perhaps　his　morals　all　the　more
  righteous；　by　spending　over　his　microscope　evenings　which　would　too
  probably　have　gradually　been　wasted　at　the　theatre。　　I　have　seen
  the　young　London　beauty；　amid　all　the　excitement　and　temptation　of
  luxury　and　flattery；　with　her　heart　pure　and　her　mind　occupied　in　a
  boudoir　full　of　shells　and　fossils；　flowers　and　sea…weeds；　keeping
  herself　unspotted　from　the　world；　by　considering　the　lilies　of　the
  field；　how　they　grow。　　And　therefore　it　is　that　I　hail　with
  thankfulness　every　fresh　book　of　Natural　History；　as　a　fresh　boon
  to　the　young；　a　fresh　help　to　those　who　have　to　educate　them。
  The　greatest　difficulty　in　the　way　of　beginners　is　（as　in　most
  things）　how　〃to　learn　the　art　of　learning。〃　　They　go　out；　search；
  find　less　than　they　expected；　and　give　the　subject　up　in
  disappointment。　　It　is　good　to　begin；　therefore；　if　possible；　by
  playing　the　part　of　〃jackal〃　to　some　practised　naturalist；　who　will
  show　the　tyro　where　to　look；　what　to　look　for；　and；　moreover；　what
  it　is　that　he　has　found；　often　no　easy　matter　to　discover。　　Forty
  years　ago；　during　an　autumn's　work　of　dead…leaf…searching　in　the
  Devon　woods　for　poor　old　Dr。　Turton；　while　he　was　writing　his　book
  on　British　land…shells；　the　present　writer　learnt　more　of　the　art
  of　observing　than　he　would　have　learnt　in　three　years'　desultory
  hunting　on　his　own　account；　and　he　has　often　regretted　that　no
  naturalist　has　established　shore…lectures　at　some　watering…place；
  like　those　up　hill　and　down　dale　field…lectures　which；　in　pleasant
  bygone　Cambridge　days；　Professor　Sedgwick　used　to　give　to　young
  geologists；　and　Professor　Henslow　to　young　botanists。
  In　the　meanwhile；　to　show　you　something　of　what　may　be　seen　by
  those　who　care　to　see；　let　me　take　you；　in　imagination；　to　a　shore
  where　I　was　once　at　home；　and　for　whose　richness　I　can　vouch；　and
  choose　our　season　and　our　day　to　start　forth；　on　some　glorious
  September　or　October　morning；　to　see　what　last　night's　equinoctial
  gale　has　swept　from　the　populous　shallows　of　Torbay；　and　cast　up；
  high　and　dry；　on　Paignton　sands。
  Torbay　is　a　place　which　should　be　as　much　endeared　to　the
  naturalist　as　to　the　patriot　and　to　the　artist。　　We　cannot　gaze　on
  its　blue　ring　of　water；　and　the　great　limestone　bluffs　which　bound
  it　to　the　north　and　south；　without　a　glow　passing　through　our
  hearts；　as　we　remember　the　terrible　and　glorious　pagea