a　like　purpose；　as　by　the　natives　of　Java；　the　Bushmen；　and　certain
  tribes　of　the　Amazon　and　Orinoco。　　The　Ainos　say　that　if　a　man　is
  accidentally　wounded　by　a　poisoned　arrow　the　only　cure　is　immediate
  excision　of　the　part。
  I　do　not　wonder　that　the　Government　has　prohibited　arrow…traps；　for
  they　made　locomotion　unsafe；　and　it　is　still　unsafe　a　little
  farther　north；　where　the　hunters　are　more　out　of　observation　than
  here。　　The　traps　consist　of　a　large　bow　with　a　poisoned　arrow；
  fixed　in　such　a　way　that　when　the　bear　walks　over　a　cord　which　is
  attached　to　it　he　is　simultaneously　transfixed。　　I　have　seen　as
  many　as　fifty　in　one　house。　　The　simple　contrivance　for　inflicting
  this　silent　death　is　most　ingenious。
  The　women　are　occupied　all　day；　as　I　have　before　said。　　They　look
  cheerful；　and　even　merry　when　they　smile；　and　are　not　like　the
  Japanese；　prematurely　old；　partly　perhaps　because　their　houses　are
  well　ventilated；　and　the　use　of　charcoal　is　unknown。　　I　do　not
  think　that　they　undergo　the　unmitigated　drudgery　which　falls　to　the
  lot　of　most　savage　women；　though　they　work　hard。　　The　men　do　not
  like　them　to　speak　to　strangers；　however；　and　say　that　their　place
  is　to　work　and　rear　children。　　They　eat　of　the　same　food；　and　at
  the　same　time　as　the　men；　laugh　and　talk　before　them；　and　receive
  equal　support　and　respect　in　old　age。　　They　sell　mats　and　bark…
  cloth　in　the　piece；　and　made　up；　when　they　can；　and　their　husbands
  do　not　take　their　earnings　from　them。　　All　Aino　women　understand
  the　making　of　bark…cloth。　　The　men　bring　in　the　bark　in　strips；
  five　feet　long；　having　removed　the　outer　coating。　　This　inner　bark
  is　easily　separated　into　several　thin　layers；　which　are　split　into
  very　narrow　strips　by　the　older　women；　very　neatly　knotted；　and
  wound　into　balls　weighing　about　a　pound　each。　　No　preparation　of
  either　the　bark　or　the　thread　is　required　to　fit　it　for　weaving；
  but　I　observe　that　some　of　the　women　steep　it　in　a　decoction　of　a
  bark　which　produces　a　brown　dye　to　deepen　the　buff　tint。
  The　loom　is　so　simple　that　I　almost　fear　to　represent　it　as
  complicated　by　description。　　It　consists　of　a　stout　hook　fixed　in
  the　floor；　to　which　the　threads　of　the　far　end　of　the　web　are
  secured；　a　cord　fastening　the　near　end　to　the　waist　of　the　worker；
  who　supplies；　by　dexterous　rigidity；　the　necessary　tension；　a　frame
  like　a　comb　resting　on　the　ankles；　through　which　the　threads　pass；
  a　hollow　roll　for　keeping　the　upper　and　under　threads　separate；　a
  spatula…shaped　shuttle　of　engraved　wood；　and　a　roller　on　which　the
  cloth　is　rolled　as　it　is　made。　　The　length　of　the　web　is　fifteen
  feet；　and　the　width　of　the　cloth　fifteen　inches。　　It　is　woven　with
  great　regularity；　and　the　knots　in　the　thread　are　carefully　kept　on
  the　under　side。　｛20｝　　It　is　a　very　slow　and　fatiguing　process；　and
  a　woman　cannot　do　much　more　than　a　foot　a　day。　　The　weaver　sits　on
  the　floor　with　the　whole　arrangement　attached　to　her　waist；　and　the
  loom；　if　such　it　may　be　called；　on　her　ankles。　　It　takes　long
  practice　before　she　can　supply　the　necessary　tension　by　spinal
  rigidity。　　As　the　work　proceeds　she　drags　herself　almost
  imperceptibly　nearer　the　hook。　　In　this　house　and　other　large　ones
  two　or　three　women　bring　in　their　webs　in　the　morning；　fix　their
  hooks；　and　weave　all　day；　while　others；　who　have　not　equal
  advantages；　put　their　hooks　in　the　ground　and　weave　in　the
  sunshine。　　The　web　and　loom　can　be　bundled　up　in　two　minutes；　and
  carried　away　quite　as　easily　as　a　knitted　soft　blanket。　　It　is　the
  simplest　and　perhaps　the　most　primitive　form　of　hand…loom；　and
  comb；　shuttle；　and　roll；　are　all　easily　fashioned　with　an　ordinary
  knife。
  LETTER　XXXVII（Continued）
  A　Simple　Nature…WorshipAino　GodsA　Festival　SongReligious
  IntoxicationBear…WorshipThe　Annual　SaturnaliaThe　Future
  StateMarriage　and　DivorceMusical　InstrumentsEtiquetteThe
  ChieftainshipDeath　and　BurialOld　AgeMoral　Qualities。
  There　cannot　be　anything　more　vague　and　destitute　of　cohesion　than
  Aino　religious　notions。　　With　the　exception　of　the　hill　shrines　of
  Japanese　construction　dedicated　to　Yoshitsune；　they　have　no
  temples；　and　they　have　neither　priests；　sacrifices；　nor　worship。
  Apparently　through　all　traditional　time　their　cultus　has　been　the
  rudest　and　most　primitive　form　of　nature…worship；　the　attaching　of
  a　vague　sacredness　to　trees；　rivers；　rocks；　and　mountains；　and　of
  vague　notions　of　power　for　good　or　evil　to　the　sea；　the　forest；　the
  fire；　and　the　sun　and　moon。　　I　cannot　make　out　that　they　possess　a
  trace　of　the　deification　of　ancestors；　though　their　rude　nature
  worship　may　well　have　been　the　primitive　form　of　Japanese　Shinto。
  The　solitary　exception　to　their　adoration　of　animate　and　inanimate
  nature　appears　to　be　the　reverence　paid　to　Yoshitsune；　to　whom　they
  believe　they　are　greatly　indebted；　and　who；　it　is　supposed　by　some；
  will　yet　interfere　on　their　behalf。　｛21｝　　Their　godsthat　is；　the
  outward　symbols　of　their　religion；　corresponding　most　likely　with
  the　Shinto　goheiare　wands　and　posts　of　peeled　wood；　whittled
  nearly　to　the　top；　from　which　the　pendent　shavings　fall　down　in
  white　curls。　　These　are　not　only　set　up　in　their　houses；　sometimes
  to　the　number　of　twenty；　but　on　precipices；　banks　of　rivers　and
  streams；　and　mountain…passes；　and　such　wands　are　thrown　into　the
  rivers　as　the　boatmen　descend　rapids　and　dangerous　places。　　Since
  my　baggage　horse　fell　over　an　acclivity　on　the　trail　from　Sarufuto；
  four　such　wands　have　been　placed　there。　　It　is　nonsense　to　write　of
  the　religious　ideas　of　a　people　who　have　none；　and　of　beliefs　among
  people　who　are　merely　adult　children。　　The　traveller　who　formulates
  an　Aino　creed　must　〃evolve　it　from　his　inner　consciousness。〃　　I
  have　taken　infinite　trouble　to　learn　from　themselves　what　their
  religious　notions　are；　and　Shinondi　tells　me　that　they　have　told　me
  all　they　know；　and　the　whole　sum　is　a　few　vague　fears　and　hopes；
  and　a　suspicion　that　there　are　things　outside　themselves　more
  powerful　than　themselves；　whose　good　influences　may　be　obtained；　or
  whose　evil　influences　may　be　averted；　by　libations　of　sake。
  The　word　worship　is　in　itself　misleading。　　When　I　use　it　of　these
  savages　it　simply　means　libations　of　sake；　waving　bowls　and　waving
  hands；　without　any　spiritual　act　of　deprecation　or　supplication。
  In　such　a　sense　and　such　alone　they　worship　the　sun　and　moon　（but
  not　the　stars）；　the　forest；　and　the　sea。　　The　wolf；　the　black
  snake；　the　owl；　and　several　other　beasts　and　birds　have　the　word
  kamoi；　god；　attached　to　them；　as　the　wolf　is　the　〃howling　god；〃　the
  owl　〃the　bird　of　the　gods；〃　a　black　snake　the　〃raven　god；〃　but　none
  of　these　things　are　now　〃worshipped；〃　wolf…worship　having　quite
  lately　died　out。　　Thunder；　〃the　voice　of　the　gods；〃　inspires　some
  fear。　　The　sun；　they　say；　is　their　best　god；　and　the　fire　their
  next　best；　obviously　the　divinities　from　whom　their　greatest
  benefits　are　received。　　Some　idea　of　gratitude　pervades　their　rude
  notions；　as　in　the　case　of　the　〃worship〃　paid　to　Yoshitsune；　and　it
  appears　in　one　of　the　rude　recitations　chanted　at　the　Saturnalia
  which　in　several　places　conclude　the　hunting　and　fishing　seasons：…
  〃To　the　sea　which　nourishes　us；　to　the　forest　which　protects　us；　we
  present　our　grateful　thanks。　　You　are　two　mothers　that　nourish　the
  same　child；　do　not　be　angry　if　we　leave　one　to　go　to　the　other。
  〃The　Ainos　will　always　be　the　pride　of　the　forest　and　of　the　sea。〃
  The　solitary　act　of　sacrifice　which　they　perform　is　the　placing　of
  a　worthless；　dead　bird；　something　like　a　sparrow；　near　one　of　their
  peeled　wands；　where　it　is　left　till　it　reaches　an　advanced　stage　of
  putrefaction。　　〃To　drink　for　the　god〃　is　the　chief　act　of
  〃worship；〃　and　thus　drunkenness　and　religion　are　inseparably
  connected；　as　the　more　sake　the　Ainos　drink　the　more　devout　they
  are；　and　the　better　pleased　are　the　gods。　　It　does　not　appear　that
  anything　but　sake　is　of　sufficient　value　to　please　the　gods。　　The
  libations　to　the　fire　and　the　peeled　post　are　never　omitted；　and
  are　always　accompanied　by　the　inward　waving　of　the　sake　bowls。
  The　peculiarity　which　distinguishes　this　rude　mythology　is　the
  〃worship〃　of　the　bear；　the　Yezo　bear　being　one　of　the　finest　of　his
  species；　but　it　is　impossible　to　understand　the　feelings　by　which
  it　is　prompted；　for　they　worship　it　after　their　fashion；　and　set　up
  its　head　in　their　villages；　yet　they　trap　it；　kill　it；　eat　it；　and
  sell　its　skin。　　There　is　no　doubt　that　this　wild　beast　inspires
  more　of　the　feeling　which　prompts　worship　than　the　inanimate　forces
  of　nature；　and　the　Ainos　may　be　distinguished　as　bear…worshippers；
  and　their　greatest　religious　festival　or　Saturnalia　as　the　Festival
  of　the　Bear。　　Gentle　and　peaceable　as　they　are；　they　have　a　great
  admiration　for　fierceness　and　courage；　and　the　bear；　which　is　the
  strongest；　fiercest；　and　most　courageous　animal　known　to　them；　has
  probably　in　all　ages　inspired　them　with　veneration。　　Some　of　their
  rude　chants　are　in　praise　of　the　bear；　and　their　highest　eulogy　on
  a　man　is　to　compare　him　to　a　bear。　　Thus　Shinondi　said　of　Benri；
  the　chief；　〃He　is　as　strong　as　a　bear；〃　and　the　old　Fate　praising
  Pipichari　called　him　〃The　young　bear。〃
  In　all　Aino　villa