promise　of　an　intelligence　which　is　lacking　in　those　of　the　adults。
  They　are　much　loved；　and　are　caressing　as　well　as　caressed。　　The
  infants　of　the　mountain　Ainos　have　seeds　of　millet　put　into　their
  mouths　as　soon　as　they　are　born；　and　those　of　the　coast　Ainos　a
  morsel　of　salt…fish；　and　whatever　be　the　hour　of　birth；　〃custom〃
  requires　that　they　shall　not　be　fed　until　a　night　has　passed。　　They
  are　not　weaned　until　they　are　at　least　three　years　old。　　Boys　are
  preferred　to　girls；　but　both　are　highly　valued；　and　a　childless
  wife　may　be　divorced。
  Children　do　not　receive　names　till　they　are　four　or　five　years　old；
  and　then　the　father　chooses　a　name　by　which　his　child　is　afterwards
  known。　　Young　children　when　they　travel　are　either　carried　on　their
  mothers'　backs　in　a　net；　or　in　the　back　of　the　loose　garment；　but
  in　both　cases　the　weight　is　mainly　supported　by　a　broad　band　which
  passes　round　the　woman's　forehead。　　When　men　carry　them　they　hold
  them　in　their　arms。　　The　hair　of　very　young　children　is　shaven；　and
  from　about　five　to　fifteen　the　boys　wear　either　a　large　tonsure　or
  tufts　above　the　ears；　while　the　girls　are　allowed　to　grow　hair　all
  over　their　heads。
  Implicit　and　prompt　obedience　is　required　from　infancy；　and　from　a
  very　early　age　the　children　are　utilised　by　being　made　to　fetch　and
  carry　and　go　on　messages。　　I　have　seen　children　apparently　not　more
  than　two　years　old　sent　for　wood；　and　even　at　this　age　they　are　so
  thoroughly　trained　in　the　observances　of　etiquette　that　babies　just
  able　to　walk　never　toddle　into　or　out　of　this　house　without　formal
  salutations　to　each　person　within　it；　the　mother　alone　excepted。
  They　don't　wear　any　clothing　till　they　are　seven　or　eight　years
  old；　and　are　then　dressed　like　their　elders。　　Their　manners　to
  their　parents　are　very　affectionate。　　Even　to…day；　in　the　chief's
  awe…inspiring　presence；　one　dear　little　nude　creature；　who　had　been
  sitting　quietly　for　two　hours　staring　into　the　fire　with　her　big
  brown　eyes；　rushed　to　meet　her　mother　when　she　entered；　and　threw
  her　arms　round　her；　to　which　the　woman　responded　by　a　look　of　true
  maternal　tenderness　and　a　kiss。　　These　little　creatures；　in　the
  absolute　unconsciousness　of　innocence；　with　their　beautiful　faces；
  olive…tinted　bodies；all　the　darker；　sad　to　say；　from　dirt；their
  perfect　docility；　and　absence　of　prying　curiosity；　are　very
  bewitching。　　They　all　wear　silver　or　pewter　ornaments　tied　round
  their　necks　by　a　wisp　of　blue　cotton。
  Apparently　the　ordinary　infantile　maladies；　such　as　whooping…cough
  and　measles；　do　not　afflict　the　Ainos　fatally；　but　the　children
  suffer　from　a　cutaneous　affection；　which　wears　off　as　they　reach
  the　age　of　ten　or　eleven　years；　as　well　as　from　severe　toothache
  with　their　first　teeth。
  LETTER　XXXVII（Continued）
  Aino　ClothingHoliday　DressDomestic　ArchitectureHousehold
  GodsJapanese　CuriosThe　Necessaries　of　LifeClay　SoupArrow
  PoisonArrow…TrapsFemale　OccupationsBark　ClothThe　Art　of
  Weaving。
  Aino　clothing；　for　savages；　is　exceptionally　good。　　In　the　winter
  it　consists　of　one；　two；　or　more　coats　of　skins；　with　hoods　of　the
  same；　to　which　the　men　add　rude　moccasins　when　they　go　out　hunting。
  In　summer　they　wear　kimonos；　or　loose　coats；　made　of　cloth　woven
  from　the　split　bark　of　a　forest　tree。　　This　is　a　durable　and
  beautiful　fabric　in　various　shades　of　natural　buff；　and　somewhat
  resembles　what　is　known　to　fancy　workers　as　〃Panama　canvas。〃　　Under
  this　a　skin　or　bark…cloth　vest　may　or　may　not　be　worn。　　The　men
  wear　these　coats　reaching　a　little　below　the　knees；　folded　over
  from　right　to　left；　and　confined　at　the　waist　by　a　narrow　girdle　of
  the　same　cloth；　to　which　is　attached　a　rude；　dagger…shaped　knife；
  with　a　carved　and　engraved　wooden　handle　and　sheath。　　Smoking　is　by
  no　means　a　general　practice；　consequently　the　pipe　and　tobacco…box
  are　not；　as　with　the　Japanese；　a　part　of　ordinary　male　attire。
  Tightly…fitting　leggings；　either　of　bark…cloth　or　skin；　are　worn　by
  both　sexes；　but　neither　shoes　nor　sandals。　　The　coat　worn　by　the
  women　reaches　half…way　between　the　knees　and　ankles；　and　is　quite
  loose　and　without　a　girdle。　　It　is　fastened　the　whole　way　up　to　the
  collar…bone；　and　not　only　is　the　Aino　woman　completely　covered；　but
  she　will　not　change　one　garment　for　another　except　alone　or　in　the
  dark。　　Lately　a　Japanese　woman　at　Sarufuto　took　an　Aino　woman　into
  her　house；　and　insisted　on　her　taking　a　bath；　which　she　absolutely
  refused　to　do　till　the　bath…house　had　been　made　quite　private　by
  means　of　screens。　　On　the　Japanese　woman　going　back　a　little　later
  to　see　what　had　become　of　her；　she　found　her　sitting　in　the　water
  in　her　clothes；　and　on　being　remonstrated　with；　she　said　that　the
  gods　would　be　angry　if　they　saw　her　without　clothes！
  Many　of　the　garments　for　holiday　occasions　are　exceedingly
  handsome；　being　decorated　with　〃geometrical〃　patterns；　in　which　the
  〃Greek　fret〃　takes　part；　in　coarse　blue　cotton；　braided　most
  dexterously　with　scarlet　and　white　thread。　　Some　of　the　handsomest
  take　half　a　year　to　make。　　The　masculine　dress　is　completed　by　an
  apron　of　oblong　shape　decorated　in　the　same　elaborate　manner。
  These　handsome　savages；　with　their　powerful　physique；　look
  remarkably　well　in　their　best　clothes。　　I　have　not　seen　a　boy　or
  girl　above　nine　who　is　not　thoroughly　clothed。　　The　〃jewels〃　of　the
  women　are　large；　hoop　earrings　of　silver　or　pewter；　with
  attachments　of　a　classical　pattern；　and　silver　neck　ornaments；　and
  a　few　have　brass　bracelets　soldered　upon　their　arms。　　The　women
  have　a　perfect　passion　for　every　hue　of　red；　and　I　have　made
  friends　with　them　by　dividing　among　them　a　large　turkey…red　silk
  handkerchief；　strips　of　which　are　already　being　utilised　for　the
  ornamenting　of　coats。
  The　houses　in　the　five　villages　up　here　are　very　good。　　So　they　are
  at　Horobets；　but　at　Shiraoi；　where　the　aborigines　suffer　from　the
  close　proximity　of　several　grog　shops；　they　are　inferior。　　They
  differ　in　many　ways　from　any　that　I　have　before　seen；　approaching
  most　nearly　to　the　grass　houses　of　the　natives　of　Hawaii。　　Custom
  does　not　appear　to　permit　either　of　variety　or　innovations；　in　all
  the　style　is　the　same；　and　the　difference　consists　in　the　size　and
  plenishings。　　The　dwellings　seem　ill…fitted　for　a　rigorous　climate；
  but　the　same　thing　may　be　said　of　those　of　the　Japanese。　　In　their
  houses；　as　in　their　faces；　the　Ainos　are　more　European　than　their
  conquerors；　as　they　possess　doorways；　windows；　central　fireplaces；
  like　those　of　the　Highlanders　of　Scotland；　and　raised　sleeping…
  places。
  The　usual　appearance　is　that　of　a　small　house　built　on　at　the　end
  of　a　larger　one。　　The　small　house　is　the　vestibule　or　ante…room；
  and　is　entered　by　a　low　doorway　screened　by　a　heavy　mat　of　reeds。
  It　contains　the　large　wooden　mortar　and　pestle　with　two　ends；　used
  for　pounding　millet；　a　wooden　receptacle　for　millet；　nets　or
  hunting　gear；　and　some　bundles　of　reeds　for　repairing　roof　or
  walls。　　This　room　never　contains　a　window。　　From　it　the　large　room
  is　entered　by　a　doorway；　over　which　a　heavy　reed…mat；　bound　with
  hide；　invariably　hangs。　　This　room　in　Benri's　case　is　35　feet　long
  by　25　feet　broad；　another　is　45　feet　square；　the　smallest　measures
  20　feet　by　15。　　On　entering；　one　is　much　impressed　by　the　great
  height　and　steepness　of　the　roof；　altogether　out　of　proportion　to
  the　height　of　the　walls。
  The　frame　of　the　house　is　of　posts；　4　feet　10　inches　high；　placed　4
  feet　apart；　and　sloping　slightly　inwards。　　The　height　of　the　walls
  is　apparently　regulated　by　that　of　the　reeds；　of　which　only　one
  length　is　used；　and　which　never　exceed　4　feet　10　inches。　　The　posts
  are　scooped　at　the　top；　and　heavy　poles；　resting　on　the　scoops；　are
  laid　along　them　to　form　the　top　of　the　wall。　　The　posts　are　again
  connected　twice　by　slighter　poles　tied　on　horizontally。　　The　wall
  is　double；　the　outer　part　being　formed　of　reeds　tied　very　neatly　to
  the　framework　in　small；　regular　bundles；　the　inner　layer　or　wall
  being　made　of　reeds　attached　singly。　　From　the　top　of　the　pole；
  which　is　secured　to　the　top　of　the　posts；　the　framework　of　the　roof
  rises　to　a　height　of　twenty…two　feet；　made；　like　the　rest；　of　poles
  tied　to　a　heavy　and　roughly…hewn　ridge…beam。　　At　one　end　under　the
  ridge…beam　there　is　a　large　triangular　aperture　for　the　exit　of
  smoke。　　Two　very　stout；　roughly…hewn　beams　cross　the　width　of　the
  house；　resting　on　the　posts　of　the　wall；　and　on　props　let　into　the
  floor；　and　a　number　of　poles　are　laid　at　the　same　height；　by　means
  of　which　a　secondary　roof　formed　of　mats　can　be　at　once
  extemporised；　but　this　is　only　used　for　guests。　　These　poles　answer
  the　same　purpose　as　shelves。　　Very　great　care　is　bestowed　upon　the
  outside　of　the　roof；　which　is　a　marvel　of　neatness　and　prettiness；
  and　has　the　appearance　of　a　series　of　frills　being　thatched　in
  ridges。　　The　ridge…pole　is　very　thickly　covered；　and　the　thatch
  both　there　and　at　the　corners　is　elaborately　laced　with　a　pattern
  in　strong　peeled　twigs。　　The　poles；　which；　for　much　of　the　room；
  run　from　wall　to　wall；　compel　one　to　stoop；　to　avoid　fracturing
  one's　skull；　and　bringing　down　spears；　bows　and　arrows；　arrow…
  traps；　and　other　primitive　property。　　The　roof　and　rafters　ar