r　the　franchise　on　all　who　had　　taken　part　in　the　return　from　Piraeus；　although　some　of　them　were　notoriously　slaves。　And　yet　a　third　such　action　was　when　one　of　the　returned　exiles　began　to　violate　the　amnesty；　whereupon　Archinus　haled　him　to　the　Council　and　persuaded　them　to　execute　him　without　trial；　telling　them　that　now　they　would　have　to　show　whether　they　wished　to　preserve　the　democracy　and　abide　by　the　oaths　they　had　taken；　for　if　they　let　this　man　escape　they　would　encourage　others　to　imitate　him；　while　if　they　executed　him　they　would　make　an　example　for　　all　to　learn　by。　And　this　was　exactly　what　happened；　for　after　this　man　had　been　put　to　death　no　one　ever　again　broke　the　amnesty。　On　the　　contrary；　the　Athenians　seem；　both　in　public　and　in　private；　to　have　behaved　in　the　most　unprecedentedly　admirable　and　public…spirited　way　with　reference　to　the　preceding　troubles。　Not　only　did　they　blot　out　all　memory　of　former　offences；　but　they　even　repaid　to　the　Lacedaemonians　out　of　the　public　purse　the　money　which　the　Thirty　had　borrowed　for　the　war；　although　the　treaty　required　each　　party；　the　party　of　the　city　and　the　party　of　Piraeus；　to　pay　its　own　debts　separately。　This　they　did　because　they　thought　it　was　a　necessary　first　step　in　the　direction　of　restoring　harmony；　but　in　　other　states；　so　far　from　the　democratic　parties　making　advances　from　their　own　possessions；　they　are　rather　in　the　habit　of　making　a　general　redistribution　of　the　land。　A　final　reconciliation　was　made　with　the　secessionists　at　Eleusis　two　years　after　the　secession；　in　the　archonship　of　Xenaenetus。　Part　41
  This；　however；　took　place　at　a　later　date；　at　the　time　of　which　we　are　speaking　the　people；　having　secured　the　control　of　the　state；　established　the　constitution　which　exists　at　the　present　day。　Pythodorus　was　Archon　at　the　time；　but　the　democracy　seems　to　have　assumed　the　supreme　power　with　perfect　justice；　since　it　had　effected　its　own　return　by　its　own　exertions。　This　was　the　eleventh　change　which　had　taken　place　in　the　constitution　of　Athens。　The　first　modification　of　the　primaeval　condition　of　things　was　when　Ion　and　his　companions　brought　the　people　together　into　a　community；　for　then　the　people　was　first　divided　into　the　four　tribes；　and　the　tribe…kings　were　created。　Next；　and　first　after　this；　having　now　some　semblance　of　a　constitution；　was　that　which　took　place　in　the　reign　of　Theseus；　consisting　in　a　slight　deviation　from　absolute　monarchy。　After　this　came　the　constitution　formed　under　Draco；　when　the　first　code　of　laws　was　drawn　up。　The　third　was　that　　which　followed　the　civil　war；　in　the　time　of　Solon；　from　this　the　democracy　took　its　rise。　The　fourth　was　the　tyranny　of　Pisistratus；　the　fifth　the　constitution　of　Cleisthenes；　after　the　overthrow　of　the　tyrants；　of　a　more　democratic　character　than　that　of　Solon。　The　sixth　was　that　which　followed　on　the　Persian　wars；　when　the　Council　of　Areopagus　had　the　direction　of　the　state。　The　seventh；　succeeding　this；　was　the　constitution　which　Aristides　sketched　out；　and　which　Ephialtes　brought　to　completion　by　overthrowing　the　Areopagite　Council；　under　this　the　nation；　misled　by　the　demagogues；　made　the　most　serious　mistakes　in　the　interest　of　its　maritime　empire。　The　eighth　was　the　establishment　of　the　Four　Hundred；　followed　by　the　ninth；　　the　restored　democracy。　The　tenth　was　the　tyranny　of　the　Thirty　and　the　Ten。　The　eleventh　was　that　which　followed　the　return　from　Phyle　and　Piraeus；　and　this　has　continued　from　that　day　to　this；　with　continual　accretions　of　power　to　the　masses。　The　democracy　has　made　itself　master　of　everything　and　administers　everything　by　its　votes　in　the　Assembly　and　by　the　law…courts；　in　which　it　holds　the　supreme　power。　Even　the　jurisdiction　of　the　Council　has　passed　into　the　hands　of　the　people　at　large；　and　this　appears　to　be　a　judicious　change；　since　small　bodies　are　more　open　to　corruption；　whether　by　actual　money　or　influence；　than　large　ones。　At　first　they　refused　to　allow　payment　for　attendance　at　the　Assembly；　but　the　result　was　　that　people　did　not　attend。　Consequently；　after　the　Prytanes　had　tried　many　devices　in　vain　in　order　to　induce　the　populace　to　come　and　　ratify　the　votes；　Agyrrhius；　in　the　first　instance；　made　a　provision　of　one　obol　a　day；　which　Heracleides　of　Clazomenae；　nicknamed　'the　king'；　increased　to　two　obols；　and　Agyrrhius　again　to　three。
  Part　42
  The　present　state　of　the　constitution　is　as　follows。　The　franchise　is　open　to　all　who　are　of　citizen　birth　by　both　parents。　They　are　enrolled　among　the　demesmen　at　the　age　of　eighteen。　On　the　　occasion　of　their　enrollment　the　demesmen　give　their　votes　on　oath；　first　whether　the　candidates　appear　to　be　of　the　age　prescribed　by　the　law　（if　not；　they　are　dismissed　back　into　the　ranks　of　the　boys）；　and　secondly　whether　the　candidate　is　free　born　and　of　such　parentage　as　the　laws　require。　Then　if　they　decide　that　he　is　not　a　free　man；　he　appeals　to　the　law…courts；　and　the　demesmen　appoint　five　of　their　own　number　to　act　as　accusers；　if　the　court　decides　that　he　has　no　right　to　be　enrolled；　he　is　sold　by　the　state　as　a　slave；　but　if　he　wins　his　case　he　has　a　right　to　be　enrolled　among　the　　demesmen　without　further　question。　After　this　the　Council　examines　those　who　have　been　enrolled；　and　if　it　comes　to　the　conclusion　that　any　of　them　is　less　than　eighteen　years　of　age；　it　fines　the　demesmen　who　enrolled　him。　When　the　youths　（Ephebi）　have　passed　this　examination；　their　fathers　meet　by　their　tribes；　and　appoint　on　oath　three　of　their　fellow　tribesmen；　over　forty　years　of　age；　who；　in　their　opinion；　are　the　best　and　most　suitable　persons　to　have　charge　of　the　youths；　and　of　these　the　Assembly　elects　one　from　each　tribe　as　guardian；　together　with　a　director；　chosen　from　the　general　body　of　Athenians；　to　control　the　while。　Under　the　charge　of　these　persons　the　youths　first　of　all　make　the　circuit　of　the　temples；　then　they　proceed　to　Piraeus；　and　some　of　them　garrison　Munichia　and　some　the　south　shore。　The　Assembly　also　elects　two　trainers；　with　subordinate　instructors；　who　teach　them　to　fight　in　heavy　armour；　to　use　the　bow　and　javelin；　and　to　discharge　a　catapult。　The　guardians　receive　from　the　state　a　drachma　apiece　for　their　keep；　and　the　youths　four　obols　apiece。　Each　guardian　receives　the　allowance　for　all　the　members　of　his　tribe　and　buys　the　necessary　provisions　for　the　common　　stock　（they　mess　together　by　tribes）；　and　generally　superintends　everything。　In　this　way　they　spend　the　first　year。　The　next　year；　after　giving　a　public　display　of　their　military　evolutions；　on　the　occasion　when　the　Assembly　meets　in　the　theatre；　they　receive　a　shield　and　spear　from　the　state；　after　which　they　patrol　the　country　and　spend　their　time　in　the　forts。　For　these　two　years　they　are　on　garrison　duty；　and　wear　the　military　cloak；　and　during　this　time　they　are　　exempt　from　all　taxes。　They　also　can　neither　bring　an　action　at　law；　nor　have　one　brought　against　them；　in　order　that　they　may　have　no　excuse　for　requiring　leave　of　absence；　though　exception　is　made　in　cases　of　actions　concerning　inheritances　and　wards　of　state；　or　of　any　sacrificial　ceremony　connected　with　the　family。　When　the　two　years　have　elapsed　they　thereupon　take　their　position　among　the　other　citizens。　Such　is　the　manner　of　the　enrollment　of　the　　citizens　and　the　training　of　the　youths。
  Part　43
  All　the　magistrates　that　are　concerned　with　the　ordinary　routine　of　administration　are　elected　by　lot；　except　the　Military　Treasurer；　the　Commissioners　of　the　Theoric　fund；　and　the　Superintendent　of　Springs。　These　are　elected　by　vote；　and　hold　office　from　one　Panathenaic　festival　to　the　next。　All　military　officers　are　also　elected　by　vote。　　　The　Council　of　Five　Hundred　is　elected　by　lot；　fifty　from　each　tribe。　Each　tribe　holds　the　office　of　Prytanes　in　turn；　the　order　being　determined　by　lot；　the　first　four　serve　for　thirty…six　days　each；　the　last　six　for　thirty…five；　since　the　reckoning　is　by　lunar　years。　The　Prytanes　for　the　time　being；　in　the　first　place；　mess　together　in　the　Tholus；　and　receive　a　sum　of　money　from　the　state　for　their　maintenance；　and；　secondly；　they　convene　the　　meetings　of　the　Council　and　the　Assembly。　The　Council　they　convene　every　day；　unless　it　is　a　holiday；　the　Assembly　four　times　in　each　prytany。　It　is　also　their　duty　to　draw　up　the　programme　of　the　business　of　the　　Council　and　to　decide　what　subjects　are　to　be　dealt　with　on　each　particular　da；　and　where　the　sitting　is　to　be　held。　They　also　draw　up　the　programme　for　the　meetings　of　the　Assembly。　One　of　these　in　each　prytany　is　called　the　'sovereign'　Assembly；　in　this　the　people　have　to　　ratify　the　continuance　of　the　magistrates　in　office；　if　they　are　　performing　their　duties　properly；　and　to　consider　the　supply　of　corn　and　the　　defence　of　the　country。　On　this　day；　too；　impeachments　are　introduced　by　those　who　wish　to　do　so；　the　lists　of　property　confiscated　by　the　state　are　read；　and　also　applications　for　inheritances　and　wards　of　state；　so　that　nothing　may　pass　unclaimed　without　the　cognizance　of　any　person　concerned。　In　the　sixth　prytany；　in　addition　to　the　business　already　stated；　the　question　is　put　to　the　vote　whether　it　is　desirable　to　hold　a　vote　of　ostracism　or　not；　and　compla