nt　clearly　to　a　long　foreground　of　rude　communal　language；　something　like　though　greatly　superior　to　that　of　the　animals；　preceding　or　preparing　the　evolution　of　Self…consciousness　proper；　in　the　forms　of　〃I〃　and　〃Thou〃　and　the　grammar　of　personal　actions　and　relations。　〃They　show　that　the　plural　and　all　other　forms　of　number　in　grammar　arise　not　by　multiplication　of　an　original　'I；'　but　by　selection　and　gradual　EXCLUSION　from　an　original　collective　'we。'　〃＇3＇　According　to　this　view　the　birth　of　self…consciousness　in　the　human　family；　or　in　any　particular　race　or　section　of　the　human　family；　must　have　been　equally　slow　and　hesitating；　and　it　would　be　easy　to　imagine；　as　just　said；　that　there　may　have　been　a　very　long　and　'golden'　period　at　its　beginning；　before　the　new　consciousness　took　on　its　maturer　and　harsher　forms。
  ＇1＇　Dr。　Bucke　（Cosmic　Consciousness）　insists　on　their　simultaneity；　but　places　both　events　excessively　far　back；　as　we　should　think；　i。e。　200；000　or　300；000　years　ago。　Possibly　he　does　not　differentiate　sufficiently　between　the　rude　language　of　the　holophrase　and　the　much　later　growth　of　formed　and　grammatical　speech。
  ＇2＇　See　A。　E。　Crawley's　Idea　of　the　Soul；　ch。　ii；　Jane　Harrison's　Themis；　pp。　473…5；　and　E。　J。　Payne's　History　of　the　New　World　called　America；　vol。　ii；　pp。　115　sq。；　where　the　beginning　of　self…consciousness　is　associated　with　the　break…up　of　the　holophrase。
  ＇3＇　Themis；　p。　471。
  All　estimates　of　the　Time　involved　in　these　evolutions　of　early　man　are　notoriously　most　divergent　and　most　difficult　to　be　sure　of；　but　if　we　take　500；000　years　ago　for　the　first　appearance　of　veritable　Man　（homo　primigenius）；＇2＇　and　（following　Professor　W。　J。　Sollas）＇3＇　30；000　or　40；000　years　ago　for　the　first　tool…using　men　（homo　sapiens）　of　the　Chellean　Age　（palaeolithic）；　15；000　for　the　rock…paintings　and　inscriptions　of　the　Aurignacian　and　Magdalenian　peoples；　and　5；000　years　ago　for　the　first　actual　historical　records　that　have　come　down　to　us；　we　may　perhaps　get　something　like　a　proportion　between　the　different　periods。　That　is　to　say；　half　a　million　years　for　the　purely　animal　man　in　his　different　forms　and　grades　of　evolution。　Then　somewhere　towards　the　end　of　palaeolithic　or　commencement　of　neolithic　times　Self…consciousness　dimly　beginning　and；　after　some　10；000　years　of　slow　germination　and　pre…historic　culture；　culminating　in　the　actual　historic　period　and　the　dawn　of　civilization　40　or　50　centuries　ago；　and　to…day　（we　hope）；　reaching　the　climax　which　precedes　or　foretells　its　abatement　and　transformation。
  ＇2＇　Though　Dr。　Arthur　Keith；　Ancient　Types　of　Man　（1911）；　pp。　93　and　102；　puts　the　figure　at　more　like　a　million。
  ＇3＇　See　Ancient　Hunters　（1915）；　also　Hastings's　Encycl。　art。　〃Ethnology〃；　and　Havelock　Ellis；　〃The　Origin　of　War；〃　in　The　Philosophy　of　Conflict　and　other　Essays。
  No　doubt　many　geologists　and　anthropologists　would　favor　periods　greatly　LONGER　than　those　here　mentioned；　but　possibly　there　would　be　some　agreement　as　to　the　RATIO　to　each　other　of　the　times　concerned：　that　is；　the　said　authorities　would　probably　allow　for　a　VERY　long　animal…man＇1＇…　period　corresponding　to　the　first　stage；　for　a　much　shorter　aggressively　'self　conscious'　period；　corresponding　to　the　Second　Stageperhaps　lasting　only　one　thirtieth　or　fiftieth　of　the　time　of　the　first　period；　and　thenif　they　looked　forward　at　all　to　a　third　stagewould　be　inclined　for　obvious　reasons　to　attribute　to　that　again　a　very　extended　duration。
  ＇1＇　I　use　the　phrase　'animal…man'　here；　not　with　any　flavor　of　contempt　or　reprobation；　as　the　dear　Victorians　would　have　used　it；　but　with　a　sense　of　genuine　respect　and　admiration　such　as　one　feels　towards　the　animals　themselves。
  However；　all　this　is　very　speculative。　To　return　to　the　difficulty　about　Language　and　the　consideration　of　those　early　times　when　words　adequate　to　the　expression　of　religious　or　magical　ideas　simply　did　not　exist；　it　is　clear　that　the　only　available；　or　at　any　rate　the　CHIEF　means　of　expression；　in　those　times；　must　have　consisted　in　gestures；　in　attitudes；　in　ceremonial　ACTIONSin　a　more　or　less　elaborate　ritual；　in　fact。＇1＇　Such　ideas　as　Adoration；　Thanksgiving；　confession　of　Guilt；　placation　of　Wrath；　Expiation；　Sacrifice；　Celebration　of　Community；　sacramental　Atonement；　and　a　score　of　others　could　at　that　time　be　expressed　by　appropriate　ritesand　as　a　matter　of　fact　are　often　so　expressed　even　nowMORE　readily　and　directly　than　by　language。　'Dancing'when　that　word　came　to　be　inventeddid　not　mean　a　mere　flinging　about　of　the　limbs　in　recreation；　but　any　expressive　movements　of　the　body　which　might　be　used　to　convey　the　feelings　of　the　dancer　or　of　the　audience　whom　he　represented。　And　so　the　'religious　dance'　became　a　most　important　part　of　ritual。
  ＇1＇　See　ch。　ix　and　xi。
  So　much　for　the　second　stage　of　Consciousness。　Let　us　now　pass　on　to　the　Third　Stage。　It　is　evident　that　the　process　of　disruption　and　dissolutiondisruption　both　of　the　human　mind；　and　of　society　round　about　it；　due　to　the　action　of　the　Second　Stagecould　not　go　on　indefinitely。　There　are　hundreds　of　thousands　of　people　at　the　present　moment　who　are　dying　of　mental　or　bodily　diseasetheir　nervous　systems　broken　down　by　troubles　connected　with　excessive　self…consciousnessselfish　fears　and　worries　and　restlessness。　Society　at　large　is　perishing　both　in　industry　and　in　warfare　through　the　domination　in　its　organism　of　the　self…motives　of　greed　and　vanity　and　ambition。　This　cannot　go　on　for　ever。　Things　must　either　continue　in　the　same　strain；　in　which　case　it　is　evident　that　we　are　approaching　a　crisis　of　utter　dissolution；　OR　a　new　element　must　enter　in；　a　new　inspiration　of　life；　and　we　（as　individuals）　and　the　society　of　which　we　form　a　part；　must　make　a　fresh　start。　What　is　that　new　and　necessary　element　of　regeneration？
  It　is　evident　that　it　must　be　a　new　birththe　entry　into　a　further　stage　of　consciousness　which　must　supersede　the　present　one。　Through　some　such　crisis　as　we　have　spoken　of；　through　the　extreme　of　suffering；　the　mind　of　Man；　AS　AT　PRESENT　CONSTITUTED；　has　to　die。＇1＇　Self…consciousness　has　to　die；　and　be　buried；　and　rise　again　in　a　new　form。　Probably　nothing　but　the　extreme　of　suffering　can　bring　this　about。＇2＇　And　what　is　this　new　form　in　which　consciousness　has　to　rearise？　Obviously；　since　the　miseries　of　the　world　during　countless　centuries　have　dated　from　that　fatal　attempt　to　make　the　little　personal　SELF　the　centre　of　effort　and　activity；　and　since　that　attempt　has　inevitably　led　to　disunity　and　discord　and　death；　both　within　the　mind　itself　and　within　the　body　of　society；　there　is　nothing　left　but　the　return　to　a　Consciousness　which　shall　have　Unity　as　its　foundation…principle；　and　which　shall　proceed　from　the　direct　SENSE　AND　PERCEPTION　of　such　an　unity　throughout　creation。　The　simple　mind　of　Early　Man　and　the　Animals　was　of　that　charactera　consciousness；　so　to　speak；　continuous　through　nature；　and　though　running　to　points　of　illumination　and　foci　of　special　activity　in　individuals；　yet　at　no　point　essentially　broken　or　imprisoned　in　separate　compartments。　（And　it　is　this　CONTINUITY　of　the　primitive　mind　which　enables　us；　as　I　have　already　explained；　to　understand　the　mysterious　workings　of　instinct　and　intuition。）　To　some　such　unity…consciousness　we　have　to　return；　but　clearly　it　will　beit　is　notof　the　simple　inchoate　character　of　the　First　Stage；　for　it　has　been　enriched；　deepened；　and　greatly　extended　by　the　experience　of　the　Second　Stage。　It　is　in　fact；　a　new　order　of　mentalitythe　consciousness　of　the　Third　Stage。
  ＇1＇　〃The　mind　must　be　restrained　in　the　heart　till　it　comes　to　an　end；〃　says　the　Maitrayana…Brahmana…Upanishad。
  ＇2＇　One　may　remember　in　this　connection　the　tapas　of　the　Hindu　yogi；　or　the　ordeals　of　initiates　into　the　pagan　Mysteries　generally。
  In　order　to　understand　the　operation　and　qualities　of　this　Third　Consciousness；　it　may　be　of　assistance　just　now　to　consider　in　what　more　or　less　rudimentary　way　or　ways　it　figured　in　the　pagan　rituals　and　in　Christianity。　We　have　seen　the　rude　Siberyaks　in　North…Eastern　Asia　or　the　'Grizzly'　tribes　of　North　American　Indians　in　the　neighborhood　of　Mount　Shasta　paying　their　respects　and　adoration　to　a　captive　bearat　once　the　food…animal；　and　the　divinity　of　the　Tribe。　A　tribesman　had　slain　a　bearand；　be　it　said；　had　slain　it　not　in　a　public　hunt　with　all　due　ceremonies　observed；　but　privately　for　his　own　satisfaction。　He　had　committed；　therefore；　a　sin　theoretically　unpardonable；　for　had　he　notto　gratify　his　personal　desire　for　foodlevelled　a　blow　at　the　guardian　spirit　of　the　Tribe？　Had　he　not　alienated　himself　from　his　fellows　by　destroying　its　very　symbol？　There　was　only　one　way　by　which　he　could　regain　the　fellowship　of　his　companions。　He　must　make　amends　by　some　public　sacrifice；　and　instead　of　retaining　the　flesh　of　the　animal　for　himself　he　must　share　it　with　the　whole　tribe　（or　clan）　in　a　common　feast；　while　at　the　same　time；　tensest　prayers　and　thanks　are　offered　to　the　animal　for　the　gift　of　his　body　for　food。　The　Magic　formula　demanded　nothing　less　than　thiselse　dread　disaster　would　fall　upon　the　man　who　sinned；　and　upon　the　whole　brotherhood。　Here；　and　in　a　hundred　similar　rites；