第 8 节
作者:      更新:2022-06-15 11:22      字数:9320
  suggestive of the saying 〃more than the Graces and less than the Muses;〃
  an   anteroom   (midsuya)   where   the   tea   utensils   are   washed   and   arranged
  before   being   brought   in;   a   portico   (machiai)   in   which   the   guests   wait
  until they receive the        summons to enter the tea…room; and a garden path
  (the roji) which       connects the machiai with the tea…room。              The tea…room
  is unimpressive in appearance。           It is smaller than the smallest of Japanese
  houses; while the materials used in its construction are intended to give the
  suggestion of refined poverty。           Yet we must remember that all this is the
  result   of   profound   artistic    forethought;   and   that   the   details   have   been
  worked   out   with   care   perhaps   even   greater   than   that   expended   on   the
  building   of   the   richest   palaces   and   temples。    A  good   tea…room   is   more
  costly than an ordinary mansion; for the selection of its materials; as well
  as   its   workmanship;   requires   immense   care   and   precision。         Indeed;   the
  carpenters      employed      by   the   tea…masters     form    a  distinct   and    highly
  honoured class among artisans; their work being no less delicate than that
  of the makers of lacquer cabinets。
  The   tea…room   is   not   only   different   from   any   production   of   Western
  architecture; but also   contrasts strongly  with the   classical architecture   of
  Japan itself。     Our ancient noble edifices; whether secular or ecclesiastical;
  were not to be        despised even as regards their mere size。              The few that
  have   been   spared   in   the   disastrous   conflagrations   of   centuries   are   still
  capable of aweing us by the grandeur and richness                   of their decoration。
  Huge pillars of wood from two to three               feet in diameter and from thirty
  to   forty  feet   high;   supported;   by  a   complicated   network   of   brackets;   the
  enormous beams which groaned under the weight of the tile…covered roofs。
  The material and mode of construction; though weak against fire; proved
  itself   strong   against    earthquakes;     and   was   well   suited   to  the   climatic
  conditions of the country。         In the Golden Hall of Horiuji and the Pagoda
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  of   Yakushiji;    we   have    noteworthy     examples     of  the  durability    of  our
  wooden   architecture。       These   buildings   have   practically   stood   intact   for
  nearly twelve centuries。        The interior of the old temples and palaces was
  profusely decorated。        In the Hoodo temple at Uji; dating from the tenth
  century;   we   can   still   see   the   elaborate   canopy   and gilded   baldachinos;
  many…coloured   and   inlaid   with   mirrors   and   mother…of…pearl;   as   well   as
  remains of the paintings and         sculpture which formerly covered the walls。
  Later; at Nikko and in the Nijo castle in Kyoto; we see structural beauty
  sacrificed   to   a   wealth   of   ornamentation   which   in   colour   and   exquisite
  detail equals the utmost gorgeousness of Arabian or Moorish effort。
  The simplicity and purism of the tea…room resulted from emulation of
  the    Zen   monastery。      A    Zen   monastery      differs  from    those   of   other
  Buddhist sects inasmuch as it is meant only to be a dwelling place for the
  monks。      Its chapel is not a place of worship or pilgrimage; but a college
  room   where   the   students   congregate   for   discussion   and   the   practice   of
  meditation。      The    room    is  bare  except    for  a  central  alcove    in  which;
  behind the altar; is a statue of Bodhi Dharma; the founder of the sect; or of
  Sakyamuni       attended    by   Kaphiapa     and   Ananda;     the   two   earliest  Zen
  patriarchs。 On the altar; flowers and incense are offered up in the memory
  of   the  great   contributions    which    these  sages   made   to   Zen。    We    have
  already     said  that   it  was   the  ritual   instituted   by  the   Zen   monks     of
  successively drinking tea out of a bowl before the image of Bodhi Dharma;
  which laid   the  foundations of  the  tea…ceremony。 We   might   add   here  that
  the altar of the Zen chapel was the prototype of the Tokonoma;the place
  of honour in a Japanese room where paintings and flowers are placed for
  the edification of the guests。
  All   our   great  tea…masters     were   students   of   Zen   and   attempted    to
  introduce the spirit of Zennism into the actualities of life。 Thus the room;
  like the other   equipments of   the tea…ceremony;  reflects   many  of   the   Zen
  doctrines。     The size of the orthodox tea…room; which is four mats and a
  half;   or  ten  feet   square;   is  determined    by   a  passage    in  the  Sutra   of
  Vikramadytia。 In that interesting work; Vikramadytia welcomes the Saint
  Manjushiri and eighty…four thousand disciples of Buddha in a room of this
  size;an allegory based on the theory of the non…existence of space to the
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  truly enlightened。        Again the roji; the garden path which leads from the
  machiai      to  the   tea…room;     signified    the   first  stage    of  meditation;the
  passage into self…illumination。           The roji was intended to break connection
  with the outside world; and produce a fresh sensation conducive to the full
  enjoyment of aestheticism  in the tea…room  itself。                One who has   trodden
  this garden path cannot fail to remember how his spirit; as he walked in
  the   twilight   of   evergreens   over   the   regular   irregularities   of   the   stepping
  stones; beneath which lay dried pine needles; and passed beside the moss…
  covered granite lanterns; became uplifted above ordinary thoughts。                         One
  may be in the midst of a city; and yet feel as if he were in the forest far
  away   from   the      dust   and   din   of   civilisation。   Great   was   the     ingenuity
  displayed   by   the   tea…masters   in   producing   these   effects   of   serenity   and
  purity。    The nature of the sensations to be aroused in passing through the
  roji differed with different tea…masters。             Some; like Rikiu; aimed at utter
  loneliness; and claimed   the secret of   making a roji   was contained in the
  ancient ditty:   〃I   look   beyond;/Flowers   are not;/Nor   tinted leaves。/On   the
  sea   beach/   A   solitary   cottage   stands/In   the   waning   light/Of   an   autumn
  eve。〃
  Others; like Kobori…Enshiu; sought for a different effect。 Enshiu said
  the idea  of the  garden path was   to   be found   in the following   verses: 〃A
  cluster of summer trees;/A bit of the sea;/A pale evening moon。〃 It is not
  difficult   to   gather   his   meaning。     He   wished   to   create   the   attitude   of   a
  newly awakened soul still lingering amid shadowy dreams of the past; yet
  bathing   in   the   sweet   unconsciousness   of   a   mellow   spiritual   light;   and
  yearning for the freedom that lay in the expanse beyond。
  Thus prepared the guest will silently approach the sanctuary; and; if a
  samurai; will leave his sword on the rack beneath the eaves; the tea…room
  being preeminently the house of peace。 Then he will bend low and creep
  into   the   room   through   a   small   door   not   more   than   three   feet   in   height。
  This   proceeding   was   incumbent   on   all   guests;high   and   low   alike;and
  was intended to inculcate humility。             The order of precedence having been
  mutually agreed upon while resting in the machiai; the guests one by one
  will   enter   noiselessly   and   take   their   seats;   first   making   obeisance   to   the
  picture or flower arrangement on the tokonoma。                    The host will not enter
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  the room until all the guests have seated themselves and quiet reigns with
  nothing to break the silence save the note of the boiling water in the iron
  kettle。    The   kettle   sings   well;   for   pieces   of   iron   are   so   arranged   in   the
  bottom as to produce a peculiar melody in which one may hear the echoes
  of a cataract muffled by clouds; of a distant sea breaking among the rocks;
  a rainstorm sweeping through a bamboo forest; or of the soughing of pines
  on some faraway hill。
  Even in the daytime the light in the room is subdued; for the low eaves
  of the slanting roof admit but few of the sun's rays。 Everything is sober in
  tint   from   the   ceiling