第 5 节
作者:      更新:2022-06-15 11:22      字数:9318
  drink from the common spring of art… appreciation。                       The ceremony was
  an   improvised   drama   whose   plot   was   woven   about   the   tea;   the   flowers;
  and   the   paintings。     Not   a   colour   to   disturb   the   tone   of   the   room;   not   a
  sound   to     mar   the   rhythm   of   things;   not   a    gesture   to   obtrude   on   the
  harmony;       not    a  word     to  break      the    unity    of   the   surroundings;       all
  movements to be performed simply and naturallysuch were the aims of
  the    tea…  ceremony。       And     strangely   enough       it  was   often    successful。     A
  subtle philosophy lay behind it all。            Teaism was Taoism in disguise。
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  III。          Taoism and Zennism
  The    connection      of  Zennism      with    tea  is  proverbial。      We      have
  already   remarked   that   the   tea…ceremony   was   a   development   of   the   Zen
  ritual。    The   name   of   Laotse;   the   founder   of   Taoism;   is   also   intimately
  associated   with   the   history   of   tea。    It   is   written   in   the   Chinese   school
  manual concerning the origin of habits and customs that the                    ceremony of
  offering   tea   to   a   guest   began   with   Kwanyin;   a   well…known   disciple   of
  Laotse;   who   first   at   the   gate   of   the   Han   Pass   presented   to   the   〃Old
  Philosopher〃 a cup         of the golden elixir。       We shall not stop to discuss the
  authenticity   of   such   tales;   which   are   valuable;   however;       as   confirming
  the early  use of   the beverage by the Taoists。 Our   interest in Taoism  and
  Zennism here lies mainly in those ideas regarding life and art which are so
  embodied in what we call Teaism。
  It   is  to  be  regretted    that   as  yet   there   appears    to  be   no   adequate
  presentation   of   the   Taoists   and   Zen   doctrines   in   any   foreign   language;
  though we have had several laudable attempts。
  Translation is always a treason; and as a Ming author observes; can at
  its best be only the reverse side of a             brocade;all the threads are there;
  but    not  the   subtlety   of   colour     or  design。     But;    after  all;  what    great
  doctrine is there which is easy to expound?                The ancient sages never put
  their   teachings   in   systematic   form。      They   spoke   in   paradoxes;   for   they
  were afraid of uttering half…truths。            They began by talking like fools and
  ended   by   making   their   hearers   wise。        Laotse   himself;   with   his   quaint
  humour; says; 〃If people of inferior intelligence hear of the Tao; they laugh
  immensely。        It would not be the Tao unless they laughed at it。〃
  The Tao literally means a Path。             It has been severally translated           as
  the   Way;   the   Absolute;   the   Law;   Nature;   Supreme   Reason;   the           Mode。
  These renderings are not incorrect; for the use of the term by the Taoists
  differs   according   to   the   subject…matter   of   the   inquiry。      Laotse   himself
  spoke of it thus: 〃There is a thing which is all…containing; which was born
  before  the  existence of   Heaven   and   Earth。          How  silent!      How   solitary!
  It stands alone and changes not。             It revolves without danger to itself and
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  is the    mother of the universe。          I do not know its name and so call it the
  Path。     With reluctance I call it the Infinite。          Infinity is the Fleeting; the
  Fleeting is the Vanishing; the Vanishing is the Reverting。〃                  The Tao is in
  the Passage rather than the Path。            It is the spirit of Cosmic Change;the
  eternal growth which returns upon itself to produce new forms。                     It recoils
  upon   itself like   the   dragon;  the beloved   symbol   of   the Taoists。        It   folds
  and unfolds as do the clouds。            The Tao might be spoken of as the Great
  Transition。      Subjectively it is the Mood of the Universe。 Its Absolute is
  the Relative。
  It   should    be   remembered       in  the   first  place   that   Taoism;    like   its
  legitimate   successor   Zennism;   represents   the   individualistic   trend   of   the
  Southern       Chinese     mind    in   contra…distinction      to   the   communism        of
  Northern      China   which     expressed   itself   in   Confucianism。       The     Middle
  Kingdom is as vast as Europe and has a differentiation of idiosyncrasies
  marked by the two great river systems which traverse it。                     The Yangste…
  Kiang and Hoang… Ho are respectively the Mediterranean and the Baltic。
  Even   to…day;   in   spite   of   centuries   of   unification;   the   Southern   Celestial
  differs in his thoughts and beliefs from his Northern brother as a member
  of    the   Latin    race   differs   from    the   Teuton。     In  ancient    days;    when
  communication   was   even   more   difficult          than   at   present;  and   especially
  during the feudal period; this difference in thought was most pronounced。
  The art and poetry of the one breathes an atmosphere entirely distinct from
  that   of   the  other。   In    Laotse    and   his  followers    and    in  Kutsugen;     the
  forerunner of the Yangtse…Kiang nature…poets; we find an                    idealism quite
  inconsistent      with    the   prosaic    ethical    notions    of   their   contemporary
  northern writers。       Laotse lived five centuries before the Christian Era。
  The germ of Taoist speculation may be found long before the                      advent
  of   Laotse;    surnamed      the  Long…Eared。       The     archaic    records   of   China;
  especially the Book of Changes; foreshadow his thought。                      But the great
  respect   paid   to   the   laws   and   customs   of   that   classic   period   of   Chinese
  civilisation which culminated with the establishment of the Chow dynasty
  in   the   sixteenth   century   B。C。;   kept   the   development   of   individualism   in
  check for a long while; so that it was not until after the disintegration of
  the    Chow     dynasty    and   the   establishment      of  innumerable       independent
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  kingdoms   that   it   was   able   to   blossom   forth   in   the   luxuriance   of   free…
  thought。      Laotse   and   Soshi   (Chuangtse)   were   both   Southerners   and   the
  greatest exponents of the New School。 On the other hand; Confucius with
  his numerous disciples aimed at retaining ancestral conventions。                     Taoism
  cannot be understood without some knowledge of Confucianism and vice
  versa。
  We   have   said   that   the  Taoist Absolute   was   the   Relative。        In   ethics
  the Taoist   railed at   the laws   and the moral   codes of society; for   to   them
  right    and    wrong     were    but    relative    terms。       Definition      is  always
  limitationthe 〃fixed〃 and          〃unchangeless〃 are but terms expressive of a
  stoppage of       growth。      Said Kuzugen;〃The Sages move the world。〃 Our
  standards   of   morality   are   begotten   of   the   past   needs   of   society;   but   is
  society     to   remain    always     the   same?     The    observance      of   communal
  traditions   involves   a   constant   sacrifice   of   the     individual   to   the   state。
  Education; in order to keep up the mighty delusion; encourages a species
  of ignorance。       People are not taught to be really virtuous; but to behave
  properly。   We   are   wicked   because   we   are   frightfully   self…conscious。   We
  nurse a conscience because we are afraid to tell the truth to others; we take
  refuge in pride because we are afraid to tell the truth to ourselves。                   How
  can one be serious with the world when the world itself is so ridiculous!
  The spirit of barter is        everywhere。       Honour and Chastity!           Behold the
  complacent salesman retailing the Good and True。                    One can even buy a
  so…called   Religion;   which   is   really  but   common   morality  sanctified   with
  flowers and music。         Rob the Church of her accessories and what remains
  behind?       Yet   the   trusts   thrive   marvelously;   for   the   prices   are   absurdly
  cheap;   a   prayer   for   a   ticket   to   heaven;   a   diploma   for   an   honourable
  citizenship。      Hide    yourself    under    a   bushel