第 3 节
作者:      更新:2022-06-15 11:21      字数:9322
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  The Book of Tea
  II。 The Schools of Tea。
  Tea is a work of art and needs a master hand to bring out its noblest
  qualities。     We have good and bad tea; as we have good and bad paintings…
  …generally the latter。       There is no single recipe for making the perfect tea;
  as there are no rules for producing a Titian or a Sesson。                 Each preparation
  of the leaves has its individuality; its special affinity with water and heat;
  its own method of telling a story。           The truly beautiful must always be in it。
  How   much   do   we   not   suffer   through   the   constant   failure   of   society   to
  recognise this simple and fundamental law of art and life; Lichilai; a Sung
  poet; has sadly remarked that there were three most deplorable things in
  the    world:    the   spoiling    of   fine   youths    through     false   education;     the
  degradation of fine art through vulgar admiration; and the utter waste of
  fine tea through incompetent manipulation。
  Like Art;   Tea   has   its   periods   and   its   schools。   Its   evolution   may   be
  roughly divided into three main stages: the Boiled Tea; the Whipped Tea;
  and   the   Steeped   Tea。      We   moderns   belong   to   the   last   school。       These
  several methods of appreciating the beverage are indicative of the spirit of
  the    age    in  which     they    prevailed。      For     life  is  an    expression;     our
  unconscious        actions    the   constant    betrayal    of   our   innermost      thought。
  Confucius   said   that   〃man   hideth   not。〃   Perhaps   we   reveal   ourselves   too
  much   in   small   things   because   we   have   so   little   of   the   great   to   conceal。
  The   tiny   incidents   of   daily   routine   are   as   much   a   commentary   of   racial
  ideals     as  the   highest    flight   of   philosophy      or   poetry。    Even      as   the
  difference in favorite vintage marks the separate idiosyncrasies of different
  periods   and     nationalities   of    Europe;   so    the   Tea…ideals    characterise    the
  various moods of Oriental culture。              The Cake…tea which was boiled; the
  Powdered…tea        which     was    whipped;     the   Leaf…tea    which     was    steeped;
  mark   the   distinct   emotional   impulses   of   the   Tang;        the   Sung;   and   the
  Ming   dynasties   of   China。       If   we   were     inclined   to   borrow   the   much…
  abused      terminology       of   art…classification;      we    might     designate     them
  respectively;   the   Classic;   the   Romantic;   and   the   Naturalistic   schools   of
  Tea。
  The tea…plant; a native of southern China; was known from very early
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  times   to   Chinese   botany   and   medicine。       It   is   alluded   to   in   the   classics
  under the   various   names   of Tou; Tseh;  Chung;   Kha;  and   Ming;  and   was
  highly  prized   for   possessing   the      virtues   of   relieving   fatigue;  delighting
  the soul; strengthening the will; and repairing the eyesight。 It was not only
  administered as an internal dose; but   often applied externally in form  of
  paste to alleviate rheumatic pains。           The Taoists claimed it as an important
  ingredient of the elixir of immortality。           The Buddhists used it extensively
  to prevent drowsiness during their long hours of meditation。
  By   the   fourth   and   fifth   centuries   Tea   became   a   favourite   beverage
  among the inhabitants of the Yangtse…Kiang valley。 It was about this time
  that   modern   ideograph   Cha   was   coined;   evidently   a   corruption   of   the
  classic Tou。 The poets of the southern dynasties have left some fragments
  of their fervent adoration of the 〃froth of the liquid jade。〃 Then emperors
  used to bestow some rare preparation of the leaves on their high ministers
  as   a   reward   for  eminent   services。 Yet   the   method   of  drinking   tea   at   this
  stage was primitive in the extreme。             The leaves were steamed; crushed in
  a   mortar;   made   into   a   cake;   and   boiled   together   with   rice;   ginger;   salt;
  orange peel; spices; milk; and sometimes with onions! The custom obtains
  at the present day among the Thibetans and various Mongolian tribes; who
  make a curious   syrup of these   ingredients。             The use   of lemon slices by
  the   Russians;   who   learned   to   take   tea   from   the   Chinese   caravansaries;
  points to the survival of the ancient method。
  It needed the genius of the Tang dynasty to emancipate Tea from its
  crude state and lead to its final idealization。             With Luwuh in the middle
  of the eighth century we have our first apostle of tea。 He was born in an
  age    when    Buddhism;       Taoism;    and   Confucianism   were        seeking    mutual
  synthesis。 The pantheistic symbolism of the time was urging one to mirror
  the Universal in the Particular。          Luwuh; a poet; saw in the Tea…service the
  same     harmony      and    order   which     reigned    through     all  things。    In   his
  celebrated work; the 〃Chaking〃 (The Holy Scripture of Tea) he formulated
  the Code of Tea。 He has since been worshipped as the tutelary god of the
  Chinese tea merchants。
  The 〃Chaking〃 consists of three volumes and ten chapters。 In the first
  chapter Luwuh treats   of the nature of   the tea…plant;  in the second of  the
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  implements   for   gathering   the   leaves;   in   the   third   of   the   selection   of   the
  leaves。     According        to  him    the  best   quality    of  the   leaves    must   have
  〃creases like the leathern boot of Tartar horsemen; curl like the dewlap of
  a   mighty bullock; unfold like a mist   rising out of a   ravine; gleam like   a
  lake touched by a zephyr; and be wet and soft like fine earth newly swept
  by rain。〃
  The fourth chapter is devoted to the enumeration and description of the
  twenty…four       members       of  the   tea…equipage;      beginning     with    the   tripod
  brazier     and   ending    with    the  bamboo      cabinet    for   containing     all  these
  utensils。     Here     we   notice   Luwuh's      predilection     for  Taoist    symbolism。
  Also it is interesting to observe in this connection the influence of tea on
  Chinese   ceramics。         The   Celestial   porcelain;   as   is   well   known;   had   its
  origin in an attempt to reproduce the exquisite shade of jade; resulting; in
  the Tang dynasty; in the blue glaze of the south; and the white glaze of the
  north。     Luwuh considered the blue as the ideal colour for the tea…cup; as it
  lent additional greenness to the beverage; whereas the white made it look
  pinkish     and   distasteful。    It   was    because    he   used   cake…tea。     Later    on;
  when      the tea masters of Sung took to the powdered tea; they preferred
  heavy   bowls      of   blue…black     and   dark   brown。     The     Mings;     with   their
  steeped tea; rejoiced in light ware of white porcelain。
  In   the   fifth   chapter   Luwuh   describes   the   method   of   making   tea。   He
  eliminates      all  ingredients     except    salt。  He     dwells    also   on   the  much…
  discussed   question   of   the   choice   of   water   and   the   degree   of   boiling   it。
  According to him; the mountain spring is the best; the river water and the
  spring water come next in the order of excellence。                 There are three stages
  of boiling: the first boil is        when the little bubbles like the eye of fishes
  swim on the surface; the second boil is when the bubbles are like crystal
  beads rolling in a fountain; the third boil is when the billows surge wildly
  in the kettle。     The Cake…tea is roasted before the fire until it becomes soft
  like a baby's arm and is shredded into powder between pieces of fine paper。
  Salt   is   put   in   the   first   boil;   the   tea   in   the   second。   At   the   third   boil;   a
  dipperful of cold water is poured into the kettle to settle the tea and revive
  the 〃youth of the water。〃           Then the beverage was poured into cups and
  drunk。      O nectar!      The filmy leaflet hung like scaly clouds in a serene
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  sky   or   floated   like   waterlilies   on   emerald   streams。       It   was   of   such   a
  beverage   that      Lotung;   a   Tang   poet;   wrote:   〃The   first   cup   moistens   my
  lips    and   throat;   the   se